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No. 9039 






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Bureau of Mines Information Circular/1985 



Chemically Enhanced Drilling 

An Annotated Tabulation of Published Results 
By Pamela J. Watson and William H. Engelmann 




UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 



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75 

'*flNES75THAV*^ 



Information Circular 9039 



Chemically Enhanced Drilling 

An Annotated Tabulation of Published Results 
By Pamela J. Watson and William H. Engelmann 




UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
Donald Paul Model, Secretary 

BUREAU OF MINES 
Robert C. Morton, Director 







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As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior 
has responsibility ioc most of our nationally owned public lands and natural 
resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water re- 
sources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and 
cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for 
the enjoyment of life through outdoOT recreation. The Department assesses 
our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is 
in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major re- 
sponsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who 
live in Island Territories under U.S. administration. 



Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: 




Watson, Pamela J 

Chemically enhanced drilling, 

(Information circular / United States Department of the Interior, 
Bureau of Mines; 9039. 

Bibliography: p. 31-32. 

Supt. of Docs, no.: I 28.27: 9039. 

1. Drilling muds— Testing. I. Engelmann, William H. II. Title. 
III. Series: Information circular (United States. Bureau of Mines) ; 
9039. 



TN295.U4 [TN279] 622s [622'. 23] 85-7813 



For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 



CONTENTS 

Page 

Abstract 1 

Introduction 2 

Review of literature 2 

Rocks or materials 2 

Chemical additives 3 

Discussion 17 

References 31 

Appendix A. — Summary of chemical additives used to study various processing 

methods , with references 33 

Appendix B. — Summary of chemical additives used in surface effects studies, 

with references 37 

Appendix C. — Summary of chemical additives used to study various mechanical 

properties , with references 42 

Appendix D, — General drilling bibliography 48 

TABLES 

1. Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock 

type 4 

2. Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by addi- 

tive type 18 

A-1 , Chemical additives tested for various processing methods 33 

B-1. Chemical additives tested in measuring various surface effects 37 

C-1. Chemical additives tested for measuring various mechanical properties..., 42 





UNIT OF MEASURE ABBREVIATIONS 


USED IN THIS 


REPORT 


eq/L 


equivalent per liter 


mol 


mole 


g/L 


gram per liter 


mol/L 


mole per liter 


in 


inch 


N 


normality 


lb/ton 


pound per ton 


pet 


percent 


mg/g 


milligram per gram 


wt pet 


weight percent 


mg/L 


milligram per liter 







CHEMICALLY ENHANCED DRILLING 
An Annotated Tabulation of Published Results 
By Pamela J. Watson ^ and William H. Engelmann^ 



ABSTRACT 

This report presents a Bureau of Mines literature survey that pro- 
vides a data base useful for current and future studies in the area of 
chemically enhanced drilling and cutting. Publications describing lab- 
oratory testing and field studies of drilling and cutting with chemical 
additives are reviewed. Significant results are summarized and tabu- 
lated by rock or material type and also by chemical additive , with ex- 
tensive references. Selected studies related to fluid-enhanced pro- 
cessing or material testing are summarized in the appendixes. 



^Mining engineer. 
^Research chemist. 
Twin Cities Research Center, Bureau of Mines, Minneapolis, MN. 



INTRODUCTION 



The goals of the Bureau of Mines include 
that of increasing productivity in mining 
systems. Enhanced rates of fragmentation 
or excavation result from faster penetra- 
tion rates of rock drills for blastholes, 
or other advanced drilling practices as- 
sociated with the total mining process. 
Since large drilling machines are capital 
intensive and smaller rock drills are la- 
bor intensive, the enhancement of drill- 
ing rates has been a productivity goal 
for many decades as a response to these 
economic pressures. Flushing water had 
been used with many original designs of 
rock drills. However, it is not known 
when chemical additives were first used 
in these flushing fluids, since much of 
the early work in this area is known only 
through hearsay and was not published. 
Secondhand reports of this use of chemi- 
cal additives began to appear in the lit- 
erature, most notably in the 1920' s. 

In over 60 years of drilling technol- 
ogy, nearly 100 different additives have 
been reported in the literature, with 
many descriptions of their effects. How- 
ever, results given for drillability on 
the same rock type, with the same addi- 
tive, at the same concentration, vary 
widely from one researcher to another, 
depending upon experimental approach and 
conditions. Accordingly, the Bureau has 
undertaken this literature review in or- 
der to bring together all the results, 
albeit with their variances, and to pre- 
sent a concise, easily consulted data 
base as a guide for mining companies and 
drilling technologists, as well as a 
lead-in to chemically enhanced drilling 
and cutting research that is being pur- 
sued by the Bureau and others. Research- 
ers in the United States and elsewhere 



made progress in understanding the ef- 
fects of chemical additives in the period 
1960-75, but despite the importance of 
these studies, only limited advances have 
been made in the last decade. It is now 
generally accepted that there is no one 
generic mechanism that yields understand- 
ing of the accumulation of all phenomena 
or effects that are observed. 

This review reports from the litera- 
ture which chemicals have been found to 
enhance drilling and cutting of rocks and 
materials, summarizes these rock-fluid 
interactions, and tabulates the degrees 
and varieties of success for these inter- 
actions. In addition, many of the same 
rock-fluid combinations useful in enhanc- 
ing drilling and cutting have also been 
used in studying (1) processing methods, 
such as comminution and grinding, flota- 
tion, or fragmentation, (2) surface ef- 
fects, including adsorption, friction and 
wear, Rebinder effects, or zeta poten- 
tial modifications to rock hardness, and 
(3) mechanical property alteration, in- 
cluding hardness , fracture and crack for- 
mation and propagation, and strength of 
materials. There are also numerous other 
rock-fluid combinations not yet reported 
in drilling practice that have been used 
in these related areas. Appendix A lists 
rock-fluid combinations used in process- 
ing studies, along with a corresponding 
bibliography; appendix B lists rock-fluid 
combinations used in surface effects 
studies, with bibliography; and appendix 
C lists rock-fluid combinations used in 
studies of the mechanical properties of 
materials, with bibliography. In addi- 
tion, a general bibliography on drilling 
is listed in appendix D. 



REVIEW OF LITERATURE 



A great number of different rock types 
have been tested in both the field and 
the laboratory to determine the effects 
of various fluid additives on drilling 
performance. The following sections and 
tables summarize the reported relative 
success of the numerous chemical 



additives and rock or material combina- 
tions in enhancing the drilling process. 

ROCKS OR MATERIALS 

Many different rocks or materials have 
been field- or laboratory-tested using a 



great variety of fluid additives. The 
rocks and materials are — 

Amygdaloidal basalt 

Anhydrite (including gypsum and sulfate 
rocks) 

Argillaceous rocks (including argil- 
lites, clays, schists, and shales) 

Calcium fluoride crystals 

Chert 

Coal (New South Wales coal measure and 
Novo Khazinskii and Arlanskii coal de- 
posits of the Arlansk coal region) 

Diabase 

Diorite 

Dolomite 

Garnetite 

Granite (many varieties tested; see 
references for specific type) 

Granodiorite 

Greenstone 

Gritstone 

Hematite (including taconite) 

Igneous rocks (see also basalt, dia- 
base, diorite, granite, granodiorite, 
and rhyolite and porphyry) 

Ironstone (including jaspilite) 

Limestone (including carbonate rock) 

Lithixjm fluoride crystals 

Magnesite 

Magnesium oxide crystals 

Marble 

Martite 

Microcline 

Pyrite 

Quartz 

Quartzite 

Rhyolite and porphyry 

Riebeckites 

Sandstone 

Serpentine 

Siderite 

Tuff 
Table 1 summarizes the results of the 
drilling tests reported in the litera- 
ture. This table breaks down the results 
first by rock type, then lists the chemi- 
cal additives tested, the concentrations 
(footnoting the optimum concentration if 
available) , the property of the rock or 
the drilling, the corresponding effect, 
and the specific reference. All effects 
were compared to those from drilling with 
water alone, unless otherwise noted. 



CHEMICAL ADDITIVES 

The literature has reported a great 
variety of chemical additives used in 
field or laboratory tests in attempts to 
enhance drilling in a given rock or mate- 
rial. These additives with their chemi- 
cal formulas and/or general descriptions, 
if known, are — 

Aerosol (no specific formula or de- 
scription given) 

Aerosol C-61 (cationic surfactant) 

Aerosol OT (anionic surfactant) 

Aluminum chloride (AICI3) 

Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 

Anionic detergent 

B.P.S.B.4 (soluble oil) 

Calcium chloride (CaCl2) 

Calcium hydroxide [Ca(0H)2] 

Compound "M" (no specific formula or 
description given) 

Conco XAC (surfactant) 

Conco XAM (surfactant) 

Consoft C (surfactant) 

Consoft CP-50 (surfactant) 

Cutall oil (no specific formula or de- 
scription given) 

Dimethylformamide (DMF) [(CH3)2NHC0] 

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [(CH3)2S0] 

DMF in DMSO 

Disolvane 4411 (surfactant) 

Dodecylamino acetate (C ^ 2H25NH2C3H2O2) 

Dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide 
(DTAB) (Ci5H34NBr) 

Dromus B (soluble oil) 

Dromus B plus Esso 1 (combination of 
two soluble oils) 

Duomac T (surfactant) 

Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) 

Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) 

Ferric chloride (FeCl3) 

Glycerine (C3H8O3) 

Hetoxamine C-10 (surfactant) 

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 

Intersoft 49 (surfactant) 

Kerosine 

Lime (CaO) 

Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 

Magnesium sulfate (MgS04) 

Marvansoft FBH (surfactant) 

Marvansoft FMA (surfactant) 

Mobil 1535 (soluble oil) 



TABLE 1. - 


Effects o 


f chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock 


type 


Additive' 


Concentrations 
tested, wt pct^ 


Property 


Effect^ 


References" 



AMYGDALOIDAL BASALT ^ 



Oleylammonlum acetate. 

Tergitol 7 

Tergltol NPX 

Aluminum chloride^..., 
Calcium chloride^...., 
Calcium hydroxide. . . . . 

Sodium carbonate^...., 

Sodium chloride^ 

Sodium hydroxide 

\ 
Do.^ 

SHALES 
Alimuinum chloride.... 

Do. 8-9 

Do. 8-9 

Dromus B ' ' 

Do." 

Hydrochloric acid^... 

Magnesium chloride®.. 

SMAD 1^ 

Sodium carbonate 



^0.01 
^1 
^1 



Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate.. 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate. . 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate. . 



Reduced 

Increased 20 to 50 pet. 

Reduced 

Increased 20 to 50 pet. 

Reduced 

Increased 20 to 50 pet, 



ANHYDRITE 



0.1 
.1 



.1 
.1 

^.05 

.1 



1.0 
1.0 
^.06 

1.0 

1.0 

.1 

.2 



Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 

Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength. . 

Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 

Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness. . 
Rock strength.. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 



Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet 

Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet 

Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet, 

Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet 

Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet , 



Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet. 

Increased 

...do 

...do 



} 



18 
18 

18, 30 

18 
18 

18, 30 
19 



ARGILLACEOUS ROCKS 



0.1 

'OO.O - .05 

.0075- .03 

'2.91 
'3.13 

'2.67 
'".17 



.0 
.0 



.5 
.3 

.25 



NA 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate... 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength... 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. .. 

Drill thrust. . . . 
Rock hardness... 

Bit life 

Drilling rate... 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate... 
Drill vibration. 
Lifting action.. 
Pump pressures.. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . . 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . . 

NA 



Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Reduced 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 

Reduced 

...do 



Increased very markedly 
...do 



Reduced. . . . 
Increased. . 
Eliminated. 
Improved. . , 
Reduced. . . . 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 



Reduced 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 

Reduced 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 

NE 

Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 



} 



30 

23 

24 

9 

10 

23 

23 
5 

30 



See notes at end of table. 



TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. 


Additive' 


Concentrations 
tested, wt pct^ 


Property 


Effect 5 


References* 




ARGILLACEOUS ROCKS — Continued 







SHALES — Continued 



Sodium carbonate' 



Do.' 



Sodium carbonate, 
plus sodium hydroxide. 



Sodium chloride' 

Do.S , 

Sulf anol' 

Sulfate soap' 

Thorium chloride^ , 

ARGILLITES AND SCHISTS 
Sodium carbonate 

CLAY ROCKS 
Sodium chloride 
plus sodium carbonate. 



SHALES, ARGILLITES 
AND SCHISTS, CLAY ROCKS 
Sodium chloride 

Aluminum chloride 

Dimethyl formamide (DMF). 
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 
DMF in DMSO 

n-alkanes 

Toluene 

Dromus B 



1 5 



0.0 



1.0 

'6.0 
.05 



.0 



.1 



,25 



NA 



- 0.5 



NA 



.25 
2.0 



3.5 
.15 



NA 



.03 



.25 



Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 
Overall 
efficiency. 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 
Overall 
efficiency. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 
Overall 
efficiency. 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Bit energy.... 
Bit friction.. 
Drilling rate. 
Rock strength. 



NA. 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate 
Rock hardness 
Rock strength 



Slightly increased. 

...do 

...do 

Increased 



Decreased 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 



Slightly increased. 
...do 



...do 

Increased. 



Slightly increased. 

...do 

...do 

Increased 



Reduced 

Increased 15 to 40 pet, 



Decreased. 

...do 

Increased. 
Decreased. 



NE. 



Reduced 

Increased 15 to 40 pet, 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 



Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased , 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet., 



Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet, 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased , 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 



} 



19 



23 



19 



19 



23 



5 
23 

26 
30 



30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 



CALCIUM FLUORIDE CRYSTALS^ 



NA 



■100 
■100 
■ 50 



NA 
NA 



NP, 



>Rock hardness. 

Drilling rate, 
NP 



NE. 



Reduced. 



Increased. 
NE 



31 



31-32 



31 
31 



CHERT ' ' 



"0.91 
'8.13 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 
Rod grease. . . , 



Increased very markedly 

...do 

Not required 



TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. 



Additive' 



Concentrations 
tested, wtpct^ 



Property 



chert' '—Continued 



Effect- 



References^ 



Dromus B plus Esso 1 

Disolvane 441 l'^.... 
Dromus B^^ 

OP-IO'^ 

SNS'9 

Aluminum chloride... 

Magnesium chloride.. 
Magnesium sulfate... 
Sodium carbonate.... 
Sodium chloride..... 

Aluminum chloride... 
Sodium carbonate..,. 

Sodium chloride 

Dromus b'' 

Do.^ 

Ethyl alcohol 

Hydrochloric acid... 



Sodium hydroxide 
plus sodivmi carbonate. 



Sulfite cellulose lye. 



Sulf onaphthenic petroleum 
acids. 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 
Rod grease. . . . 



Increased very markedly 

...do 

Not required 



COAL 



NA NP. 



1.0 



0.05 - .12 



NA 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 
Rod grease. . . . 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 

NP 



NE 

Increased markedly. 

Increased 

Required 

Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

NE 



22 
9 

22 
22 



DIABASE ' 



0.17 - 0.22 



.75 - 



1.5 
.25 
.75 

1.0 



Drilling costs. , 
Drilling rate.., 

Drilling costs. , 
Drilling rate. . , 
Drilling costs. , 
Drilling rate. . . 
Drilling costs. , 
Drilling rate.., 

Drilling costs. , 
Drilling rate. . 



Decreased 

Significantly increased 



Decreased 

Slightly increased. 

Decreased 

Slightly increased. 

Decreased 

Slightly increased. 

Decreased 

Slightly increased. 



19 

19 
19 
19 
19 



DIORITE ' 



0.2 
.5 

.2 



I Drilling rate. 
. . .do 



NE 

Increased. 



19 
19 



DOLOMITE 



0.13 - 0.91 



.67 



NA 



<1.0 



.06 - 



.2 



50 



- 2 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 
Rod grease. . . . 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate... 
Drill vibration. 
Lifting action. . 
Pump pressures.. 

Drilling rate... 

Bit wear 

Drilling speed.. 
Rock hardness... 
Amount drilled. . 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . . 
Drilling speed. . 

Bit wear 

Drilling speed. . 
Rock hardness... 

Bit wear 

Drilling speed.. 
Rock hardness... 



Increased markedly. 

...do 

Not required 

Decreased 

Increased 

Eliminated 

Improved 

Reduced 



Increased 70 pet... 

Decreased 10 pet... 
Increased 20 pet... 
Decreased 80 pet... 

Increased 

Decreased 54 pet... 

Increased 

Slightly increased. 
Decreased 10 pet... 
Increased 20 pet... 
Decreased 80 pet... 
Decreased 10 pet... 
Increased 20 pet... 
Decreased 80 pet... 



10 

20 
18 

19 

18 
18 



GARNETITE^ ' 



Solvac. 



1.0 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 
Rod grease. . . . 



Increased markedly 

Increased very markedly 
Not required 



See notes at end of table. 



TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. 



Additive 



Aluminum chloride^ 

Ammonium nitrate 

B.P.S.B.422 

Dromus B plus Esso 1^'.... 

Magnesium chloride^^ 

Mud:^ 

Bentonite clay 

Sodium bicarbonate 

Sodium chloride 

Tap water 

n-alcohols (methane to 
deconal) . 

Naphthenic acid soap 
plus sodium carbonate. 

Sodium carbonate^ 

Sodium chloride^ 

Aerosol C-61^ mol/L. 

Aerosol OT^ mol/L. 

Aluminum chloride^. .mol/L. 



Dodecyltrimethyl ammonium 
bromide (DTAB)^. .. .mol/L. 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pet' 



Property 



Effect- 



References 



GRANITE 



0.05 



.02 



2.5 



- 7 



.1 



5.6 
.9 
13.4 
80.05 



NA 



.25 - .5 
.25 

.25 



.1 



.5 



10-* - 10 



-2 



10-3 _ 10-2 
3 X 10"^ 



10-" - 10 



-3 



Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 

Amount drilled. 
Bit corrosion. . 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 

Bit life 



...do 

Drilling rate. . 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 



Bit wear. 



NP. 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 



Bit life , 

Bit wear , 

Drilling rate., 



NP. 



Bit wear 

Rock hardness. 



Bit life 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate. . 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



. . .do 

Extreme. . . 
Increased. 
...do 



Increased very markedly 



.do. 
.do. 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



Reduced . 



NE. 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet, 
Increased 20 to 60 pet, 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Increased 4 to 5 times, 
Decreased 4.8 times.... 
Increased 



NE. 



Minimized. 
Maximized. 



Increased 

Reduced 

Increased 3 to 4 times. 



19 

19 

9 
9 

19 



12, 32 



26 



19 



19 

12, 14, 
16, 18 

14 

1, H 

J, 12, 14- 
15, 17, 
32 



GRANODIORITE 



Aluminum chloride 

Magnesium chloride 

Do. 7. 23 

Sodium carbonate 

Sodium chloride' '23 

Do 

Sugar 

Aluminum chloride N. 

Magnesium chloride N. 

Sodium chloride N, 



0.01 
.01 

.9 

.01 



0.05 

.05 

1.5 
.1 

1.0 
.1 

1.0 

.005 

.05 

.05 



Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 

Drilling rate. 

...do 



Rock hardness. 
Drilling rate. 

• • •QO* •••••••« 

Rock hardness. 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 

> . . .do 



Increased. 
Minimized. 

Increased. 
Minimized. 

Increased. 



...do 

Minimized. 

Increased. 



.do. 



Minimized. 

Increased. 
Minimized. 



.do. 



6 
19 

6 
19 

6 



TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. 



Additive' 


Concentrations 
tested, wt pct^ 


Property 


Effect' 


References'* 


GREENSTONE 


Aerosol .................. 


0.8 
.2 
20.0 
Pure 

4.0 
NAp 


1 Drilling 

1 effectiveness. 

Bit life 

Drilling rate... 

Drilling 
effectiveness. 


Increased. ............. 




Compound "M*... .......... 


11 


Cutall oil^"* 


Ine 




Kerosine ................. 




Mobil 1535^' 






9 


Water24-25 


Increased to maximum. . . 


11 






GRITSTONE 


Do. 7-8 


0.0 - 

.0075- 

.0 

.0 - 

.0 

.0 - 

.0 - 


0.05 

.03 

.5 
.3 
.5 
3.5 
.03 


Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . . 

Drill thrust.. .. 
Rock hardness. . . 

Inp 


Reduced 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 

Reduced ................ 


} 23 


Hydrochloric acid^"^ 

Magnesium chloride^"^ 

Sodium carbonate . ....... 


...do 

ne 


} 

23 


Sodium chloride . ........ 


* 






Thorium chloride^"^ 




HEMATITE 


Aluminum chloride 


0.1 - 

lo--* 


0.1 
.1 
.25 
10-2 


Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. . 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength... 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate... 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. . 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. , . 

Bit life 

Bit wear 


Increased 


30 




Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased .............. 


26, 30 

26, 30 

30 


\ 
Ferric chT.oride 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 
Increased .............. 


30 
30 




Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased .............. 


26, 30 

26, 30 

30 


Sodium chloride 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 
Increased. ............. 


30 
30 


Aerosol C-6l8 '^6. . . .mol/L. . 


Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Increased 5-fold 

Decreased 4.8 times.... 


26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 

} - 


IGNEOUS ROCKS 2 7 


Aluminum chloride 


0.1 


0.1 

.25 
.25 

.25 


Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . . 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. . 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. . 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength... 


Increased. ............. 


~i 




Decreased. ............. 






Increased. ............. 


\ 30 




Decreased 




Sodium carbonate 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 
Increased .............. 


- 


plus soap (unspecified). 


Decreased. ............. 




Increased. ............. 


\ 30 




Decreased .............. 




Sodium chloride 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 
Increased. ............. 


* 




Decreased. ............. 






Increased 


> 30 




Decreased 






Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 





See notes at end of table. 



TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock, type — Con. 



Additive' 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pct^ 



Property 



Effect^ 



References* 



IRONSTONE 



Aluminum chloride^. 



Dromus B 



1 1 



Do. 



30-31 



Magnesium chloride . 



Sodium chloride', 



0.1 



- 0.15 



28.91 
29.13 



NA 



.25 



Amount drilled. . 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate... 
Drilling speed.. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . . 
Drill vibration. 
Lifting action. . 
Pump pressures.. 

Bit life 

Drilling rate.. . 
Rod grease 



Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 

Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 



Increased 

Decreased 26 pet. 

Increased 

...do 



Increased very markedly 

Decreased 

Increased very markedly 

Eliminated 

Improved 

Reduced 

Increased very markedly 

Increased markedly 

Not required 

Increased 

Decreased 26 pet 

Increased 

...do 



...do , 

Decreased 26 pet, 

Increased , 

...do 



19 



9 

9-10 
9-10 
9-10 
9-10 
9-10 



19 



19 



LIMESTONE 



Aluminum chloride^"'. 



Calcium chloride. 



Calcium hydroxide. 



Hydrochloric acid' '-^2, 



Do. 



Do, 



32 



i-9,32 



Magnesium chloride. 



Do. 



8-9 



Magnesium sulfate. 



Mud: 8 

Bentonite clay 

Sodium bicarbonate. 
Sodium chloride.... 
Tap water 



Oil soap. 



0.0 



- 0.5 



1.0 



.05 - 



.07 



.0 
'5.25 

.0 
.75 



.1 



1.0 
.3 

.5 

- 1.0 

.3 

- 1.0 



5.6 
.95 
13.4 

80.05 

- 1.0 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. , 
Drilling speed. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness., 
Rock strength.. 



Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 



>Bit wear. 



Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 



Reduced 

Increased 9 pet. 

Increased 

...do 

...do 



...do 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 10 to 70 pet. 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



Reduced 

Increased 9 pet. 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



Reduced 

Increased 9 pet. 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



Reduced. 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



23 



19 



30 



18 



19 



23 



19 



23 



19 



19 



10 



TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. 



Additive' 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pct^ 



Property 



Effect^ 



References 



LIMESTONE — Continued 



Sodium carbonate' 



Do. 



Do. 



Do 



8-9 



Sodium chloride^, 



Do. 



J-9 



Do. 
Sodium hydroxide. 



Do. 



Sodium hydroxide plus 
soditun carbonate (1:1), 



Sodium phosphate^, 



Sodium silicate^ , 

Sulfite cellulose lye^, 



Sulf onaphthenic petroleum 
acids. 

Thorium chloride^"^ 



0.1 



.0 



.0 



16 



.0 



.05 - 



.0 



0.25 



- 1.0 



.5 
.25 

.75 

- 3.5 
.05 



.025 



50 



- 2 



.03 



Amount drilled. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 
Rock hardness . ■ 
Rock strength., 



Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Rock hardness. . 
Rock strength.. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . . 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength... 

Amount drilled.. 
Drilling rate. . . 
Drilling speed. . 

Amount drilled. . 
Drilling rate. . . 
Drilling speed. . 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 
Rock hardness. . 



Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 
Rock hardness. , 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. , 



Increased 

...do 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet, 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet., 



Decreased 10 pet 

Decreased 10 to 20 pet, 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



Reduced 

Increased 9 pet 

Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



Reduced 

Increased 9 pet. 



Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet, 



Increased. 
...do 



.do. 



.do. 



.do. 
.do. 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet, 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet, 



Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 10 to 70 pet. 
Decreased 30 to 50 pet. 



Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 10 to 70 pet. 
Decreased 30 to 50 pet. 



Reduced 

Increased 9 pet. 



19 
30 
26, 30 
19, 26, 30 
19 
30 
30 

\ 



19 



23 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 

19 



23 



30 



19 



19 



26 



26 



18 



18 



23 





LITHIUM FLUORIDE CRYSTALS^"^ 


> 




DMF 


NA 

NA 

NAp 


>Bit life 


Increased. ............. 




Toluene 


13 


Water25 







See notes at end of table. 



11 



TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. 



Additive' 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pct^ 



Property 



Effect 3 



References^ 



MAGNESITE 



AT iitni niim cHlorlde. ......... 


0.1 
.1 
0.1 - .25 


Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. .. 
Rock hardness. .. 
Rock strength... 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. .. 
Rock hardness. .. 
Rock strength. . . 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate... 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 


Increased. ............. 


30 


Ferric chloride ............ 


Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Increased. ............. 


26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 

30 




Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 


26, 30 

26, 30 

30 


Sodium chloride ............ 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 


30 
30 




26, 30 

26, 30 

30 




Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 


30 



MAGNESIUM OXIDE CRYSTALS^ 



Aluminum chloride 








NA 
-100 
-100 

- 50 

NA 

Pure 

NAp 

10-2 


Drilling rate. .. 
. . .do 


Increased .............. 


32 


DMF 


...do 

...do 


15 32 


DMSO 


32 


DMF in DMSO 




Increased 20 times 

Decreased. ............. 


8 32 




Rock hardness . . . 
Drilling rate... 

• ••QO* •••••••••• 


31 


n-alkanes^^ 


Increased 8 times 

Increased. ............. 


20 32 


Toluene 


15, 32 


Water 


NE 


15 


Sodium chloride N. . 


Bit life 

Drilling rate. .. 


Increased 5 times 

Increased 


13 
8 



MARBLE 8 



Aluminum chloride. 



Magnesium chloride... 

Mud: 

Bentonlte clay 

Sodium bicarbonate. 
Sodium chloride..., 
Tap water 



Soap 

Sodium carbonate 

Sodium hydroxide 

Quat 316 mol/L. 



0.5 - 1.0 



NA 



5.6 
.95 

13.4 
80.05 

.25 - .5 

.2 - 1.0 

.025 - .25 

10-5 _ 10-2 



Drilling rate, 

• • •QO» ••••«••< 



'Bit wear. 



> Drilling rate. 



NE, 
NE, 



Reduced. 



NE. 



2 
29 



MARTITE 



Aluminum chloride 


0.1 
.1 
0.1 - .25 


Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. . 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. . 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. . 
Rock hardness . . . 
Rock strength. . . 


Increased .............. 


30 




Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased. ............. 


26, 30 

26, 30 

30 


Ferric chloride 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 
Tncreafied- ^....... ... 


30 
30 




Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased. ............. 


26, 30 

26, 30 

30 


Sodium chloride 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased. ............. 


30 

30 
26, 30 
26, 30 

30 






Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 


30 



12 



TABLE 1, 



Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. 



Additive ' 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pct^ 



Property 



Effect^ 



References 



MICROCLINE 



Aluminum chloride®., 
Magnesium chloride®. 



DTAB mol/L. 



0.0001- 
.0001- 



1.0 
1.0 



10^ 



- 10 



-3 



■NP. 



Drilling rate. . 



NE. 



Increased. 



29 



15, 29 



PYRITE 



Aluminum chloride. ......... 


0.1 
.1 
0.1 - .25 
.1 - .5 


Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . . 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. .. 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . . 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 

Drilling speed. . 


Increased. ............. 


30 




Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased. ............. 


26, 30 

26, 30 

30 


Ferric chloride 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 
Increased 


30 
30 




Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased. ............. 


26, 30 

26, 30 

30 


Sodium chloride. ........... 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 
Increased. ............. 


30 
30 




Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased. ............. 


26, 30 

26, 30 

30 


Do. 7-8 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 
Increased 


30 
19 



QUARTZ 



1 



Aluminum chloride 7. 



Do. 



Do. 



B.P.S.B.422 

Dodecylamino acetate^. 
Dromus B plus Esso I'V 



Kerosine^. 



Magnesium chloride 7. 



Do. 



n-alcohols® 

Naphthenic acid soap^, 
Naphthenic oil 



0.01 
.02 



- 0.05 

.1 

- 1.0 



2.5 



NA 



- 7 



.01 
.1 



Pure 

.05 
.5 

NA 
NA 



.25 - 



Drilling rate. , 
Rock hardness., 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength.. 

Amount drilled. 
Bit wear. ...... 

Drilling speed. 

Bit life 



Bit wear. 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 
Rod grease. . . , 



Bit friction., 
Bit wear 



Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



. . .do 

• • •QO« •••••• • i 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 



Increased. 
Decreased. 



Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 



Increased 

Decreased 34 pet. 
Increased 



Increased very markedly 

Decreased 2 to 3 times. 

Increased very markedly 

...do 

Not required 



Decreased 7 times.. 
Decreased 40 times. 



Increased. 
Decreased. 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet, 
Increased 20 to 60 pet, 



Increased 20-fold. 
NE 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 



Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet. 



30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 



19 



9 
25 



25 

6 

26 

8 
29 

26 
30 



See notes at end of table. 



13 



TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. 



Additive' 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pct^ 



Property 



Effect- 



References'* 



QUARTZ — Continued 



Naphthenic oil 




0.25 


Bit life 


Increased 


-^ 


plus sodium carbonate. 




.25 


Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. . 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 


Decreased. ............. 




Increased 


> 30 








Decreased. ............. 






Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 


^ 


Oleylammonium acetate^ 




.7 


Drilling rate. . . 


Increased 50 pet 


29 


Petroleum sulfonate^ 


0.25 


.5 


Bit wear 


Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 


} - 








Drilling rate. . . 


Increased 20 to 60 pet. 


Potassium chloride ^ 


.01 


.5 


Bit wear 


Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 


} - 








Drilling rate. . . 


Increased 20 to 60 pet. 


Sodium carbonate^ 


.01 

.1 


.1 
.5 


...do. .....••... 


Increased .............. 


^ 




Rock hardness... 

Bit life 

Bit wear 


Decreased. ............. 


) ' 


Sodium chloride ^ 


Increased. ............. 


30 




Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 


26, 30 








Drilling rate. . . 


Increased 20 to 60 pet. 


26, 30 








Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength... 


Decreased. ............. 


30 




Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 


30 


Do. 7 


.1 


.1 
- 1.0 


Drilling rate... 
Rock hardness. . . 

Bit wear 


Increased. ............. 


^ 




Decreased. ............. 


) ^ 


Sodium hydroxide ^ 


Decreased 10 pet 


\ 








Drilling speed. . 


Increased 20 pet 


) '« 


Sodium oleate^ 




NA 


Bit wear 


Decreased 2 to 3 times. 


25 


Sodium orthophosphate' 


1.0 


- 2.0 


.. .do 


Decreased 10 pet 


1 








Drilling speed. . 


Increased 20 pet 


18 








Rock hardness. . . 


Decreased 60 to 70 pet. 


J 


Sodium pyrophosphate ^ 


1.0 


- 2.0 


Bit wear 


Decreased 10 pet 


1 








Drilling speed. . 


Increased 20 pet 


18 








Rock hardness. . . 


Decreased 60 to 70 pet. 


, 


Sugar^ 


.1 
10"'' 


- 1.0 

Pure 
NAp 

- 10-5 


Drilling rate. .. 
Rock hardness... 

i Drilling rate. . . 

Bit life 




\ 




Decreased 


) ' 


Toluene^ 


Increased 20-fold 

Increased 4-fold 

Reduced 




WaterS'25 


8 


DTAB^ mol/L . . 


15 
15 








Drilling costs.. 
Drilling rate. . . 




Increased 20-fold 


8 






( 


)UARTZITE 







Aluminum chloride ^ ' ^ ^ , 



Anionic detergent®. 



Dromus B ' ' 



0.1 



- 0.15 



4, 8, 12 



5\91 
55.13 



Amount drilled. , 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. , 

Bit energy , 

Bit friction..., 

Bit life , 

Bit wear , 

Drilling costs., 
Drilling rate. . , 
Overall 
efficiency. 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . . 
Drill vibration. 
Lifting action. . 
Pump pressures . . 



Increased 

Decreased 26 pet, 

Increased 

...do 



.do. 
.do, 
.do. 



Decreased 

Decreased 30 pet. 

Increased 

Increased 60 pet. 



Increased very markedly 

Decreased 

Increased very markedly 

Eliminated 

Improved 

Reduced 



19 



28 
28 

21, 27 
28 
27 

21, 28 
20 



9 

9-10 

9-10 

10 

10 

10 



14 



TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. 



Additive' 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pet 2 



Property 



Effect^ 



References'* 



QUARTZITE — Continued 



Ethylene glycol^ , 

Ferric chloride^ '^' , 

Glycerine^ , 

Magnesium chloride' '^^. .. , 

Mobil 1535^' , 

Sodium chloride' '^^ , 

Solvac^' , 

Water^'25 , 

Aerosol C-61^ mol/L. 

RHY0LITE22 

B.P.S.B.4 , 

RHYOLITE PORPHYRY^ 

Conco-XAC , 

Conco-XAM 

Consoft C 

Consof t CP-50 

Duomac T 

Hetoxamine C-10 

Intersof t 49 , 

Marvansof t FBH 

Marvansof t FMA 

Solar CL-385 

Torque trim 

Aerosol C-6P^ mol/L. 

PORPHYRY 
Mobil 1535^' 

Sodium chloride ' 



4, 8, 12 



.48 



4, 8, 12 



.3 

4.0 
.25 

1.0 



NAp 



10- 



Bit energy 

Bit friction... 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate.. 

Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 

Bit energy 

Bit friction... 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate. . 

Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. . 

Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 

Bit life 

Drilling rate.. 



NP. 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



Decreased 

Decreased 30 pet. 
Increased 



Increased 

Decreased 26 pet. 

Increased 

...do 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Decreased 

Decreased 30 pet. 
Increased 



.do. 



Decreased 26 pet. 

Increased 

...do 



NE. 



Increased , 

Decreased 26 pet. 

Increased , 

...do 



Increased very markedly 
...do 



NE. 



Increased 4 times ...... 

Decreased 4.8 times.... 

Increased 



28 
28 

21, 27 
28 
27 

21, 28 



19 



28 
28 

21, 27 
28 
27 

21, 28 



} 



19 



19 

9 
21 

13-14 



1 



RHYOLITE AND PORPHYRY 



2.5 

.032 
>1.0 
<.001 

.0016 
<.001 

.0016 

.001 

.25 



.025 
<.001 
2.0 



10" 



- 10- 



.1 



4.0 
.25 



Bit life. 



>NP. 



Bit life 

Drilling costs, 



>NP. 



Bit life. 
Bit wear. 



NP. 



Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 
Dust 



Increased very markedly 



NE. 



Increased 5-fold. 
Decreased 50 pet. 



NE. 



Increased. 
Decreased. 



NE. 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 

Decreased. 



15 

15 

15 

13 
9 

19 



15 



TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. 



Additive' 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pct^ 



Property 



Effect' 



References'' 





RIEBECKITES'' 








Dr omiis B.. ................. 


0.91 


Bit wear 

Drilling rate... 
Drill vibration. 
Lifting action. . 
Pump pressures.. 


Decreased. ............. 








Increased 






Eliminated 


I 9 




Improved. .............. 






Reduced 





SANDSTONE 



Aluminum chloride. 



Do.' 



Do. 



B.P.S.B.422 

Calcium hydroxide. 



Hydrochloric acid^.. 
Lime 

Magnesium chloride^. 



Mud: 8 

Bentonite clay 

Sodium bicarbonate. 
Sodium chloride.... 
Tap water 



Oil soap^. 
SMAD 1^... 



Sodium carbonate. 



Do. 



Do.^ 

Sodium chloride. 



Do. 



0.3 



0.0 
.0075- 

.05 - 

.0 - 
.05 - 
.0 - 



.5 

.03 

2.5 
.07 

.5 

.07 

.3 



5.6 
.95 
13.4 
80.05 

.1 



NA 



.25 

.5 

.5 
.25 



- 3.5 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Dust 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 

Drill thrust.. 
Rock hardness. 



Bit life. 



. . .do 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



>Bit wear. 



Drilling rate. 
Dust 



Bit friction.... 
Rock strength... 
Torsional moment 



Bit life , 

Bit wear , 

Drilling rate. , 
Rock hardness. , 
Rock strength., 



Bit wear 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling speed. 
Dust 



Bit wear , 

Drilling rate. . , 

Amount drilled^. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate... 
Drilling speed^. 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength.., 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Decreased 28 to 42 pct< 

Increased ^ 

Decreased^. 



.do. 



Increased 15 to 40 pet. 



Reduced. . . 
Decreased. 



Increased very markedly 

Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Decreased 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 

Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 



Reduced. 



Increased. 
Decreased. 



...do. 
...do. 
.. .do. 



Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet. 

Decreased 2.5 times.., 

Slightly reduced 

Increased 4 times 

Decreased 



Reduced , 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 



Increased. 
...do 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet, 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet., 



Decreased 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 



} 



19 

23 

24 
9 

30 

23 

26 

19 
19 
23 



19 



26, 
19, 26, 



} 



30 



19 



23 

19 
30 
30 
30 
19 
30 
30 

23 



16 



TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. 



Additive ' 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pct^ 



Property 



Effect 5 



References 





SANDSTONE— Continued 






Sodium chloride 


0.25 
.25 

0.05 - .15 

NA 
.0 - .03 


Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate... 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 

Bit energy 

Bit friction. . .. 
Drilling rate... 
Rock strength. .. 

Bit friction.... 
Rock strength. . . 
Torsional moment 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . . 


Increased. .......•••... 


30 


plus sodium carbonate. 


Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased. ............. 


26, 30 

26, 30 

30 


Sulf anol^ 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Decreased 

...do 

Increased. ............. 


30 




> 5 




Decreased. ............. 




Sulfate soap .............. 


...do 

...do 

...do 


1 




5 


Thorium chloride® 


Reduced 


1 




Increased 15 to 40 pet. 


I " 



SERPENTINE® 



Aluminum chloride | 0.0001- 1.0 | NP |NE | 

SIDERITE^ 



Calcium hydroxide 


0.05 - 0.07 
.25 


Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. .. 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. . 
Rock hardness. . . 
Rock strength. . . 


Increased. ............. 


30 


Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased. ............. 


26, 30 

26, 30 

30 


Sodium carbonate. .......... 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased. ............. 


30 
30 




26, 30 

26, 30 

30 




Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 


30 



TUFF22 



1 



B.P.S.B.4. 



2.5 



Bit life I Increased very markedly 



NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. 

NE No added effect reported. NP No specific property reported. 
Reference to specific products does not imply endorsement by the Bureau of Mines. 

^Concentrations are given in weight percent unless otherwise indicated. 

^Compared to drilling with water alone. 
Numbers refer to items in the list of references preceding the appendixes. 

^Field test using AXL (1.185-in-ID) bit. ^Optimum reported concentration. 

^Field test(s), no bit size given. ^Laboratory test(s). 

^Compared to dry drilling, not to water. 
'^Optimum reported concentration was 0.01 pet. 
"Field test using NX (3.0-in-ID) bit. '^^ard shales. 
'^Soft shales. '"Very soft shales. 
'^Optimum reported concentration was 0.25 pet. 
^Optimum reported concentration was 0.1 pet. 
'^Hard chert. ' ®Sof t chert. 

'^Novo Khazlnskii and Arlanskii coal deposits, Arlansk region, field tests. 
^°New South Wales coal measure, field tests. ^ip^gi^j t-ggj. using AX (1.91-in-ID) bit. 
^^Field test using BX (2.375-in-ID) bit and NX (3.0-in-ID) bit. 
^^Industrial tests. 24pig3^jj ^est using EX (1.5-in-ID) bit. 

^Water used as drilling fluid, not just for comparison purposes. 

Tests on hematite and taconlte. ^ ^Recommended for all low-silica, igneous rocks. 
^®Hard ironstone. ^^Soft ironstone. 

^°Field tests using AX (1.91-in-ID) bit and BX (2.375-in-ID) bit. ^'jaspilite. 
^^Reported that the reactant fluid, calcium chloride, produced the enhanced results. 
^^Using hexadeeane produced the enhanced results. 
^*Hard quartzite. -^^Soft quartzite. 
^^Using BX (2.375-in-ID) bit. 



17 



Mud 
(formula, in percent: 
Bentonlte clay 5.6 

Sodium bicarbonate........ .95 

Sodium chloride 13.4 

Tap water 80.05) 

n-alcohols (CnH2n+lOH) 

n-alkanes (CnH2n+2) 

Naphthenic acid soap 

Naphthenic acid soap plus sodium 
carbonate 

Naphthenic oil 

Naphthenic oil plus sodium carbonate 

Oil soap 

Oleylammonium acetate (C] 8H35NH3C3H2O2) 

OP-10 (nonionic surfactant) 

Petroleum sulfonate 

Potassium chloride (KCl) 

Quat 316 (dodecylethyldimethyl ammonium 
bromide) (Ci yHseNHsBr) 

SMAD (surfactant) 

SNS (surfactant) 

Soap (unspecified) 

Sodium carbonate (Na2C03) 

Sodium carbonate plus soap 

Sodium chloride (NaCl) 

Sodium chloride plus sodium carbonate 

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 



Sodium hydroxide plus sodium carbonate 
Sodium oleate (NaCi8H3302) 
Sodium orthophosphate (Na5P04) 
Sodium phosphate (Na3P04) 
Sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P207) 
Sodium silicate (Na2Si03) 
Solar CL-385 (surfactant) 
Solvac (soluble oil) 

Sugar (C,2H220l 1) 
Sulfanol (surfactant) 
Sulfate soap (surfactant) 
Sulfite cellulose lye (byproduct of pa- 
per manufacturing) 
Sulf onaphthenic petroleum acids (by- 
product of paper manufacturing) 
Tergitol 7 (sodium heptadecyl surfac- 
tant) (NaCi6H3 3S04) 
Tergitol NPX (36-carbon nonionic sur- 
factant , nonylphenol-polyethylene 
oxide) 
Thorium chloride (ThCl4) 
Toluene (CyHs) 
Torque trim (surfactant) 
Water (H2O) 
Table 2 summarizes the results of the 
drilling tests in the same manner as ta- 
ble 1 , but by order of chemical additive 
rather than rock type. 



DISCUSSION 



This literature survey was pursued to 
catalog the diversity of chemical addi- 
tives and to report on the wide vari- 
ations that have been found in their 
ability to increase efficiency in drill- 
ing. Many different chemical-rock com- 
binations were tested, many at several 
chemical concentration levels. The re- 
search results reported in the literature 
dealt with the effect of chemical addi- 
tives on rocks in such areas as rock 
hardness, bit wear, electrochemical ef- 
fects, and drilling penetration rates. 
These results were used as a starting 
point for laboratory testing now going 
on in the Bureau to determine the basic 



reason why some fluids worked for some 
chemical-rock combination at a given con- 
centration in some, but not all, areas of 
application. 

Experimental laboratory drilling tests 
are being performed with several chemi- 
cal-rock combinations, in conjunction 
with studies of rock hardness changes, 
surface modification effects, bit wear 
rates, and penetration rates. These lab- 
oratory studies are being done to gain a 
better understanding of enhanced drilling 
and to give drilling technologists some 
guidelines for choosing the best chemical 
additive for a given drilling task. 



18 



TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type 



Rock 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pet 



Property 



Effect 



References^ 



AEROSOLS 



AEROSOL 



Greenstone. 



AEROSOL C-61^ 



Granite. 



Hematite^. 
Quartzite. 



Rhyolite porphyry^ 

AEROSOL OT* 
Granite 



510-4 
510-4 

510-4 
510-3 



0.8 
-10-2 

- 10-2 
510-3 

- 10-3 

- 10-2 



Drilling 
effectiveness. 



Bit life , 

Bit wear , 

Drilling rate. . 

Bit life , 

Bit wear 

Bit life , 

Bit wear , 

Drilling rate. , 

Bit life , 

Bit wear , 

NP 



Increased. 



Increased 4 to 5 times. 
Decreased 4.8 times..., 
Increased 



Increased 5-fold , 

Decreased 4.8 times..., 

Increased 4 times , 

Decreased 4.8 times..., 
Increased , 



...do 

Decreased. 
NE 



11 



12, 14, 
16, 18 

13 



13-14 

13 
14 



ALUMINUM CHLORIDE 



Anhydrite" , 

Argillaceous rocks (shales), 



4,9 



Do, 
Do. ".9, 



Calcium fluoride crystals^. 
Diabase^ 



Diorite^. 
Granite*. 



Do." ., 

Granodiorite. 



Do 

Gritstone*'^, 
Do. 4. 8 



Hematite. 



Igneous rocks 



12 



Ironstone^, 



Limestone* •'. 



0.01 - 1.0 
.1 



'0.0 - 
.0075- 

.17 - 



NA 



.05 
.03 

.22 

.02 
.05 

53 X 10-6 

.01 - .05 

".005 
.0 - .05 
.0075- .03 

.1 



.1 



.1 



,15 



.0 - .5 



Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength.. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

Drill thrust... 
Rock hardness. . 



NP 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate.. 

...do 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 

Bit wear 

Rock hardness.. 



Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness.. 

Drilling rate. , 

Drill thrust... 
Rock hardness.. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength.. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength. . 

Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 



Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet 

Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Reduced 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Reduced 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 

Reduced 

...do 



NE. 



Decreased 

Significantly increased 

NE 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



Minimized. 
Maximized. 

Increased. 
Minimized. 



.do. 



Increased 15 to 40 pet. 

Reduced 

...do 



Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 



Increased 

Decreased , 

Increased , 

Decreased , 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet., 

Increased , 

Decreased 26 pet , 

Increased 

...do 



Reduced 

Increased 9 pet. 



18 
30 

23 

24 
31 
19 
19 

19 
1, 14 



3 
23 

23 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 



30 



19 



23 



See notes at end of table. 



19 



TABLE 2. 


- Effects of chemical additives on rock 


and drilling properties. 


by additive type 


— Con. 


Rock 


Concentrations 
tested, wt pet 


Property 


Effect' 


References^ 






ALUMINUM CHLORIDE — Continued 









Magneslte. 



Magnesium oxide crystals'*, 

Marble^ 

Martite 



Microcline'* , 
Pyrlte , 



Quartz^ , 



Do.' 



Do. 



Quartzite^' ". 



Sandstone. 



Do." , 

Do.* 

Serpentine* , 



0.1 



NA 



0.5 - 1.0 
.1 



.0001- 1.0 

.1 



.01 - .05 



.02 - 



.1 



- 1.0 



.15 



.0 - 
.0075- 



.3 

.5 

.03 



.0001- 1.0 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 

Drilling rate. 

...do 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 

NF 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness . . 
Rock strength. . 

Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 

Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Dust 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 

Drill thrust.. 
Rock hardness. 



NP. 



Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 
Increased 



NE 

Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

NE 



Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet., 



Increased. 
Decreased. 



Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet., 

Increased 

Decreased 34 pet 

Increased 



Decreased 26 pet 

Increased 

...do 

Decreased 28 to 42 pet* 

Increased^ 

Decreased^ 

...do 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 

Reduced 

Decreased 

NE 



30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 

32 

2 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 

29 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 



30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 

19 



19 

19 

23 

24 
2 



AMMONIUM NITRATE 8 



Granite. 



0.02 



Amount drilled. 
Bit corrosion.. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 



Increased. 
Extreme. . . 
Increased. 
...do 



19 



ANIONIC DETERGENT* 



Quartzite. 



4, 8, 12 



B.P.S.B.4"' 



Bit energy 

Bit friction... 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate.. 
Overall 
efficiency. 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



Decreased 

Decreased 30 pet. 

Increased 

Increased 60 pet. 



28 
28 

21, 27 
28 
27 

21, 28 
20 



Granite. .. 
Quartz. . . , 
Rhyolite.. 
Sandstone. 
Tuff 



2.5 



Bit life. 



Increased very markedly 



20 



TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. 



Rock 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pet 



Property 



Effect ' 



References 2. 





CALCIUM 


CHLORIDE 






Anhydrite^ 


0.1 - 1.0 
1.0 


Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 


Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet 

Increased 

...do 

...do 


\ 


Limestone. ........................ 


) 
1 




} " 



CALCIUM HYDROXIDE 



Anhydrite. 



Limestone. 



Sandstone. 



Siderite^. 



' 50.06 



0.05 



.07 



.05 - 



.07 



.05 - 



.07 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Rock hardness. . 
Rock strength.. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness . . 
Rock strength.. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness. . 
Rock strength.. 



Increased. . . 
Decreased. . , 
Increased. . . 
Decreased. . . 
Decreased 9 



to 20 pet. 



Increased. . . 
Decreased. . , 
Increased. . , 
Decreased. . . 
Decreased 9 



to 20 pet. 



Increased 

Decreased , 

Increased 

Decreased , 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet., 



Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 



18, 30 



30 



30 



30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 



COMPOUND "M''^ 



Greenstone. 



0.2 



Drilling 
effectiveness. 



Increased. 



11 



CONCO XAC, CONCO XAM, CONSOFT C, CONSOFT CP-SO" 



CONCO XAC 
Rhyolite porphyry 

CONCO XAM 
Rhyolite porphyry 

CONSOFT C 

Rhyolite porphyry 

CONSOFT CP-50 
Rhyolite porphyry 



0.032 
>1.0 
<.001 
.0016 



>NP. 



NE. 



15 



CUTALL OIL^ 



Greenstone. 



20.0 



Drilling 
effectiveness. 



Increased. 



11 



DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE (DMF), DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE (DMSO), DMF IN DMSO^ 



DMF 
Calcium fluoride crystals.. 
Lithium fluoride crystals^. 
Magnesium oxide crystals... 

DMSO 
Calcium fluoride crystals.. 
Magnesium oxide crystals... 

DMF IN DMSO 
Calcium fluoride crystals., 
Magnesium oxide crystals... 



-100 

-100 

-100 
-100 

- 50 
50 



NA 



Rock hardness. . 

Bit life 

Drilling rate.. 



Rock hardness.. 
Drilling rate.. 

Rock hardness.. 
Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness . . 



Reduced. . . 
Increased. 
...do 



Reduced. . . 
Increased. 



Reduced 

Increased 20 times. 
Decreased 



31-32 

13 

15, 32 

31-32 
32 

31-32 

8, 32 

31 



DISOLVANE 4411 



Coal '6 


1 NA! NP 


..1 NE 1 


22 


DODECYLAMINO ACETATE^ 


Quartz 


1 NA| Bit wear 


..| Decreased 2 to 3 times. | 


25 



See notes at end of table. 



21 



TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. 



Rock 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pet 



Property 



Effect 



References^ 



DODECYLTRIMETHYL AMMONIUM BROMIDE (Dl 


CAB) 




Granite'' 


SlO--* - 10-3 

510-'* - 10-3 
510-'' - 10-3 


Bit life 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate.. 


Increased. ............. 


"18. 12. 14- 




Reduced ................ 


> 15. 17. 


Mlcrocline. ....................... 


Increased 3 to 4 times. 
Increased. ............. 


J 32 

15, 29 


Quartz^ ........................... 


Bit life 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate.. 


Increased 4-fold 

Reduced 


15 
15 






Increased 20-fold 


8 



DROMUS B 



Argillaceous rocks: '^ 

Hard shales 

Soft shales 

Hard shales 

Very soft shales... 

Chert:''' 

Hard 

Soft 

Coal'8 

Dolomite " 

Do.^ 



Ironstone: ' ' 

Hard 

Soft 



Ironstone (jaspilite) ' ^ 

Quartzite: ' ^ 

Hard 

Soft 



Rlebeckites^. 



0.13 - 



0.91 
.13 

.67 
.17 



.91 
.13 



1.0 



.91 



.67 



.91 
.13 



NA 



.91 
.13 



.91 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. . 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Drill vibration 
Lifting action. 
Pump pressures. 

Bit life 

Drilling rate.. 
Rod grease 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 
Rod grease. . . . 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 
Rod grease. . . . 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Drill vibration 
Lifting action. 
Pump pressures. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Drill vibration 
Lifting action. 
Pump pressures. 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 
Rod grease. . . . 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Drill vibration 
Lifting action. 
Pump pressures. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Drill vibration 
Lifting action. 
Pump pressures. 



DROMUS B PLUS ESSO 1 ' ^ 



Increased very markedly 
...do 



Reduced. . . , 
Increased. . 
Eliminated. 
Improved. . . 
Reduced. . . . 



Increased very markedly 

...do 

Not required 



Increased markedly. 
Increased slightly. 
Required 



Increased markedly. 

...do 

Not required 



Decreased. . 
Increased. . 
Eliminated. 
Improved. . . 
Reduced. . . . 



Increased very markedly 

Decreased 

Increased very markedly 

Eliminated 

Improved 

Reduced 

Increased very markedly 

Increased markedly 

Not required 

Increased very markedly 

Decreased 

Increased very markedly 

Eliminated 

Improved 

Reduced 



Decreased. . 
Increased. . 
Eliminated. 
Improved. . . 
Reduced. . . . 



Chert. 



- 7 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 
Rod grease. . . . 



Increased very markedly 

...do 

Not required 



10 



10 



9 

9-10 

9-10 

10 

10 

10 



9 

9-10 

9-10 

10 

10 

10 



22 



TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. 



Rock 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pet 



Property 



Effect' 



References 2 



DROMUS B PLUS ESSO 1 — Continued'^ 



Granite , 

Quartz , 

Rhyolite porphyry. 

Dolomite 

Quartzite 



- 7 



- 7 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 

Bit life 

Drilling rate. 
Rod grease. . . . 



Increased very markedly 
...do 



.do. 
.do. 



Not required. 



DUOMAC T' 



<0.001 I NP I NE\ 



15 



ETHYL ALCOHOL 



NA I Drilling rate.. | Increased 70 ptt. 



20 



ETHYLENE GLYCOL" 



4, 8, 12 



Bit energy 

Bit friction... 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate. . 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



Decreased 

Decreased 30 pet, 
Increased 



28 
28 

21, 27 
28 
27 

21, 28 



1 



FERRIC CHLORIDE 



Hematite. 



Magnesite. 



Martite. 



Pyrite. 



Quartzite^' ". 



0.1 



.48 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength.. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Rock hardness. . 
Rock strength.. 

Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 



Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 



Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 



Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 



Increased 

Decreased 26 pet. 

Increased 

...do 



30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 



19 





GLYCERINE" 






Quartzite. ........................ 


4, 8, 12 


Bit energy 

Bit friction... 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate.. 


Increased. ---........-. 


28 




...do 

...do 

Decreased. ............. 


28 

21, 27 

28 




Decreased 30 pet 

Increased 


27 
21, 28 



HETOXAMINE C-10^ 



Rhyolite porphyry. 



0.0016 I NP I NE. 



15 



HYDROCHLORIC ACID 



Argillaceous rocks 


(shales)" 


0.0 
.0 


- 0.5 
<1.0 

.5 
1.0 


Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 
Rock hardness.. 

NP 


Reduced ................ 


\ 


Dol omi tp ,,.. 


Increased 15 to 40 pet. 

Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet 

Decreased 80 pet 

NE 




Gritstone" ' ^ 


} ■' 

23 


Limestone^ '2° 


Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 


Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 10 to 70 pet. 


^ 




} 



See notes at end of table. 



23 



TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. 



Rock 


Concent rat ions 
tested, wt pet 


Property 


Effect' 


References 2 


HYDROCHLORIC ACID — Continued 


Limestone ••••••••••••••••••••••• 


0.1 - 0.3 

.0 - .5 
.0 - .5 


Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 


Increased .............. 


^ 


Do. ".9, 20 


...do 

...do 

Reduced. ............... 


1 . 

^ 


Sandstone •••••••••••••••«•••••••• 


Increased 9 pet 

Decreased. ............. 


1 23 

\ 




Increased 15 to 40 pet. 


) 


INTERSOFT 49'' 


Rhyolite porphyry 


0.001 1 NP 


NE 


15 


KEROSINE 


Greenstone . ...................... 


Pure 
Pure 


Drilling 
effectiveness. 

Bit friction... 
Bit wear 


Increased. ............. 


11 


Quartz^ 


Decreased 7 times 

Decreased 40 times 


\ 




} 


LIME 


Sandstone 


0.05 - 0.07 


Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 


Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 


} - 




MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE 


Diabase^ 


0.0 - 0.3 
.75 - 1.5 
.01 

.01 - .05 

.9 - 1.5 

".05 
.0 - .3 
.3 

2'. 25 - 1.0 

.0 - .3 

NA 
.0001- 1.0 
.01 - .5 

.1 - .5 

.3 

.0 - .3 


Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate.. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 

Drilling rate. . 
Rock hardness. . 

Drilling rate.. 

Rock hardness. . 

MP 


Reduced ................ 


1 


Increased 15 to 40 pet. 
Decreased .............. 


> 23 

~1 




Slightly increased 

Increased. ........••.•. 


} 


Granodlorite 


...do 

...do 

...do 


} " 

1 




Minimized. ............. 


) ^ 


Do. 8. '3 




19 
3 

23 


Do 


Minimized. . . 


Gritstone^ ' ' 


NE 


Ironstone® 


Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

. . .do .......... 


Increased. ............. 




Decreased 26 pet 

Increased. ............. 


I ^^ 




...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


T 


Do.*'9 


} " 


Marble'* 


Increased 9 pet 

NE 


I 

29 
29 

~1 


Microcline* 


NP 


NE 


Quartz® 


Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness. . 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 






Decreased. ............. 


) ' 


Do . ® 


Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Tnfrpp^pH 


1 


Quartzlte® » ' ^ 


} 




Decreased 26 pet 

Increased. ............. 


( ^^ 




...do 

...do 

Decreased 


19 

23 






Increased 15 to 40 pet. 


23 




MAGNESIUM SULFATE 


Diabase" 

Limestone 


0.25 
0.75 - 1.0 


Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate.. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 


Decreased 

Slightly increased 






...do 

...do 


} " 



24 



TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. 



Rock 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pet 



Property 



Effect' 



References^ 





MARVANSOFT FBH, 


MARVANSOFT FMA" 






MARVANSOFT FBH 










Rhyolite porphyry 


0.25 


Bit life 


Increased 5-fold 


1 - 






Drilling costs. 


Decreased 50 pet 


MARVANSOFT FMA 










Rhyolite porphyry 


.025 


NP 


NE 


15 



MOBIL 1535^2 



Greenstone. 



Porphyry.. 
Quartzite. 



4.0 

4.0 
4.0 



Bit life 

Drilling rate.. 
NP 

Bit life 

Drilling rate.. 



^NE. 



MUD" 



Granite. . . 
Limestone. 
Marble. . . , 
Sandstone. 



(") 



Bit wear. 



Reduced. 



N-ALCOHOLS 



Granite. 
Quartz^. 



(24) 



NA 



NP. 



Drilling rate. 
. . .do 



NE. 



Increased 20-fold. 
NE 



12, 32 

8 
29 



N-ALKANES" 



Calcium fluoride crystals. 
Magnesium oxide crystals.. 



NA 
NA 



Drilling rate. 
...do 



Increased. 



Increased 8 times using 
hexadecane. 



31 
20, 32 



NAPHTHENIC ACID SOAP 



NAPHTHENIC ACID SOAP^ 
Quartz 

NAPHTHENIC ACID SOAP PLUS 
SODIUM CARBONATE^S 
Granite 



NA 



'50.25 - 



0.5 
.25 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 



26 



26 



NAPHTHENIC OIL 



NAPTHENIC OIL 



Quartz. 



NAPHTHENIC OIL PLUS 
SODIUM CARBONATE 



Quartz. 



0.25 - 0.5 



26 



25 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength.. 



Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet. 



Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet. 



30 



30 





OIL 


SOAP 






Limestone 


0.1 - 1.0 
.1 


Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 

Drilling rate.. 
Dust 


Increased .............. 


1 


Sandstone ........................ 


...do 

...do 

...do 


1 " 




Decreased 


) '' 



OLEYLAMMONIUM ACETATE 



Amygdaloidal basalt ^^ 


'^0.01 
.7 


Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate.. 

...do 


Reduced 


} 




Quartz^ 


Increased 20 to 50 pet. 
Increased 50 pet 


4 
29 



See notes at end of table. 



25 



TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con, 



Rock 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pet 



Property 



Effect' 



References^ 



OP- 10 



Coal 



16 



0.05 - 0.12 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Increased. 
Decreased. 
Increased. 



22 



PETROLEUM SULFONATE ^ 



Quartz. 



0.25 - 0.5 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 



26 



POTASSIUM CHLORIDE^ 



Quartz. 



0.01 - 0.5 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 



26 



QUAT 316'' 

I Drilling rate. 



Marble I ^lO" 



- 10 



-2 



NE. 





SMAD^ 






Argillaceous rocks (shales) 

Sandstone* •••••••••••••••••••••••• 


NA 
NA 


NA 


NE 


5 


Bit friction... 
Rock strength. . 
Torsional 
moment , 


Decreased, ............. 






...do 

...do 


> 5 







SNS 






Coal'6 


1 


naI np 


NE 


1 22 


soap" 


Marble 


1 0.25 - 


- 0.5 1 Drilling rate.. 


NE 


1 2 



SODIUM CARBONATE 



Anhydrite^ 


0.1 - 1.0 
.25 

NA 

2'.0 - .5 

.1 - .25 

,75 

.5 
,25 

.01 - .1 

.0 - ,5 
.25 

.1 - 1.0 


Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness. . 
Rock strength. . 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 
Overall 
efficiency. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate. . 

. . .do. ......... 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness. . 

NP 


Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet 

Increased. ....•,,,,,,,, 


^ 


Argillaceous rocks: 

Shales 


) 




Decreased .......,, 






Increased ......,,,,.,,, 


> 30 




Decreased, ,,,.,,,,.,... 




Do. 8 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet,. 

Slightly increased 

.,,do 

,.,do 

Increased, ,,.,,,,,,,.,. 


- 




1 ^^ 


Do," 


Decreased, ,,..... 


\ 


Argillites and schists 


Increased 15 to 40 pet. 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 


) 


Diabase^ 


} 

} " 

19 


Diorite^ 


Slightly increased 

NE 


Granite^ 


Increased- ............. 


^ 


Gr anodiorite 


...do 

,,,do ,,., 

...do 

Minimized 


J '' 




) ' 


Gritstone"'^ 


NE 


23 


Limestone^ 


Amount drilled. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 
Rock hardness, , 
Rock strength,. 

Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 


TnpreAsed. ............. 


19 

30 

26, 30 

19, 26, 30 

19 




...do. 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Increased. .,,,,,,,,,.,. 




Decreased 


30 


Do . 8 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 10 to 70 pet. 


30 

} - 





26 



TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. 



Rock 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pet 



Property 



Effect' 



References^ 



SODIUM CARBONATE — Continued 



Limestone® 

Do. 4. 9.. 

Marble*... 
Quartz®... 

Sandstone. 

Do 

Do.'*.... 
Siderite®. 



0.0 - 0.5 



.0 - 

.2 - 
.01 - 



.5 
1.0 



.1 
.25 



.5 
.25 



Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness.. 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength.. 

Bit wear 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling speed. 
Dust 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength.. 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



Reduced 

Increased 9 pet. 

NE 



Increased. 
Decreased. 



Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet. 

Decreased 2.5 times.., 

Slightly reduced 

Increased 4 times 

Decreased 



. . .do 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 

Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 



) 



19 

23 
2 
6 

30 

19 

23 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 



SODIUM CARBONATE PLUS SOAP 



TT" 



Igneous rocks 



2^0.25 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 



Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet. 



30 



SODIUM CHLORIDE 



:r 



Anhydrite 
Argillaceous rocks: 

Shales, argillites and schists, 
clay rocks. 



Shales® 

Do . ® 

Do.'' 

Diabase® 

Diorite® 

Granite® 

Granodiorite® ■ ' ^ 

See notes at end of table 



0.1 
.25 



1.0 

28.0 
.4 



- 1.0 

.5 

.25 

- 2.0 

- 3.5 

- 1.0 



.1 



.2 
.5 

1.0 



Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength.. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 
Overall 
efficiency. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 
Overall 
efficiency. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate. . 

. . .do 



Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 

Drilling rate.. 



Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet 

Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Slightly increased 

...do 



...do 

Increased. 



Slightly increased. 

...do 

...do 

Increased 



Reduced 

Increased 15 to 40 pet. 

Decreased 

Slightly increased 

Increased 



.do, 
.do. 



..do. 
, . .do. 



18 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 



19 

19 

23 

19 
19 

19 

19 



27 



TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. 



Rock 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pet 



Property 



Effect' 



References 2 



SODIUM CHLORIDE — Continued 



y 



Granodlorlte. 



Do 

Gritstone'*'^. 



Hematite. 



Igneous rocks'^. 



0.0 



0.1 

".05 
3.5 
.25 



Ironstone^, 



Limestone^. 



Do. 



Do. 4. 9.. 
Magneslte. 



Magnesium oxide crystals*. 
Martlte 



Porphyry^ 



Pyrite. 



Do. ".8, 
Quartz^. . 



Do.° 

Quartzite^. '5_ 



.1 - .25 

.25 
.25 

.75 

28.0 - 3.5 
.1 - .25 

"10-2 
.1 - .25 



.1 



.25 



.1 - .25 



.1 - .5 
.1 - .5 



.1 
.25 



Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 

...do 



NP. 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Rock hardness. . 
Rock strength.. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. , 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength.. 

Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Rock hardness. . 
Rock strength.. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength.. 

Bit life 

Drilling rate. . 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength. . 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 
Dust 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Rock hardness . . 
Rock strength.. 

Drilling speed. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness. . 
Rock strength. . 

Drilling rate.. 
Rock hardness. . 
Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 
Drilling speed. 



Increased. 
Minimized. 

...do 



NE. 



Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Increased 

Decreased 26 pet 

Increased 

...do 



.do. 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 



Increased. 

...do 

...do 



Reduced 

Increased 9 pet 

Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Increased 5 times 

Increased 



...do , 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet, 
Increased 20 to 60 pet, 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Increased , 

...do 



...do 

Decreased , 

Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Increased 



.do. 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 

Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 26 pet 

Increased 

...do 



3 

23 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 



30 



19 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 

19 

23 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 

13 
8 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 



19 



30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 

19 

30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 



19 



28 



TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. 



Rock 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pet 



Property 



Effect' 



References 2 



SODIUM CHLORIDE — Continued 



SaTidston&« ...................*.>.• 


0.25 
0.0 - 3.5 


Amount drilled'' 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed* 
Rock hardness. . 
Rock strength.. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 


Increased .............. 


19 




...do 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Increased. ............. 


30 

26, 30 

19, 26, 30 

19 




Decreased. ............. 


30 


Do.'» 


Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 
Decreased " 


30 




Increased 15 to 40 pet. 


> 23 



SODIUM CHLORIDE PLUS SODIUM CARBONATE 



Argillaceous rocks (clay rocks), 



Sandstone. 



0.1 



- 0.5 



26 



25 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 
Rock strength. 



Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet. 



Increased 

Decreased 10 to 35 pet, 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 
Decreased 

Decreasd 9 to 20 pet... 



30 



30 

26, 30 

26, 30 

30 

30 



SODIUM HYDROXIDE 



Anhydrite. 



Do.' 



Limestone. 



Do. 



Marble". 
Quartz^. 



'^0.05 



0.1 



.2 



.05 



.2 



.025 - .25 
.1 - 1.0 



Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength. . 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 

Bit life 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Rock hardness.. 
Rock strength.. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drillng speed. . 

Drilling rate.. 



Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 



Increased , 

Decreased 

Increased , 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet., 



Increased. 
...do 



.do. 



Increased 

Decreased 

Increased 

Decreased 

Decreased 9 to 20 pet. 



Increased. 
...do 



.do. 



NE. 



Decreased 10 pet. 
Increased 20 pet. 



18, 30 
19 
30 

19 

2 
18 



SODIUM HYDROXIDE PLUS SODIUM CARBONATE 



Dolomite ••••••••••••••••••••••••.. 


0.06 - 
.05 - 


- 0.2 
.2 


Amount drilled. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 

Amount drilled. 
Drilling rate. . 
Drilling speed. 


Increased .............. 


> 




Decreased 54 pet 

Increased .............. 


f ^^ 


Limestone • 


Slightly increased 


^ 




...do 

...do 


} " 



SODIUM OLEATE^ 



Quartz. 



NA I Bit wear | Decreased 2 to 3 times. [ 



25 



SODIUM ORTHO PHOSPHATE 8 



Quartz. 



1.0 



- 2.0 



Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 
Rock hardness.. 



Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet 

Decreased 60 to 70 pet. 



18 



SODIUM PHOSPHATE^ 



Limestone. 



0.1 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 



26 



See notes at end of table. 



29 



TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. 



Rock 



Concent rat ions 
tested, wt pet 



Property 



Effect' 



References^ 



SODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE^ 



Quartz. 



1.0 



- 2.0 



Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 
Rock hardness. . 



Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet 

Decreased 60 to 70 pet. 



SODIUM SILICATE^ 



Limestone. 



0.025 



Bit wear 

Drilling rate. 



Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 
Increased 20 to 60 pet. 



26 
"IT" 



SOLAR CL-385* 



Rhyolite porphyry. 



<0.001 NP. 



NE. 



S0LVAC2 2 



Garnetite. 



Quartzite. 



1.0 



1.0 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 
Rod grease. . . . 



Bit life 

Drilling rate. 



Increased markedly 

Increased very markedly 
Not required 

Increased very markedly 
...do 



SUGAR 



Granodiorite. 
Quartz^ 



0.1 



- 1.0 



- 1.0 



Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 

Drilling rate. 
Rock hardness. 



Increased. 
Minimized. 

Increased. 
Decreased. 



SULFANOL^ 



Argillaceous 


rocks (shales) 


0.05 - 
.05 - 


■ 0.15 
.15 


Bit energy 

Bit friction... 
Drilling rate.. 
Rock strength. . 

Bit energy 

Bit friction... 
Drilling rate.. 
Rock strength.. 


Decreased. ............. 




...do 

Increased. ............. 


> 5 




Decreased. ............. 




Sandstone. . . 


...do 


~l 






...do 

Increased. ............. 


> 5 




Decreased 


__, 



SULFATE SOAP 8 



Argillaceous rocks (shales) 


NA 
NA 


NA 


NE 


5 


Sandstone 


Bit friction... 
Rock strength.. 
Torsional 
moment . 


Decreased- ......... 






...do 

...do 


> 5 





SULFITE CELLULOSE LYE 






Dolomite 


50 
50 


Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 
Rock hardness. . 

Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 
Rock hardness. . 


Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet 

Decreased 80 pet 

Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 10 to 70 pet. 
Decreased 30 to 50 pet. 


~i 


Limestone® 


1 ■' 

"1 




} - 





SULFONAPHTHENIC 


PETROLEUM ACIDS 






Dolomite 


1 - 2 
1 - 2 


Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 
Rock hardness. . 

Bit wear 

Drilling speed. 
Rock hardness. . 


Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 20 pet 

Decreased 80 pet 

Decreased 10 pet 

Increased 10 to 70 pet. 
Decreased 30 to 50 pet. 


■^ 


Limestone® 


1 - 




} '' 



TERGITOL^"' 



TERGITOL 7 
Amygdaloidal basalt.... 



TERGITOL NPX 
Amygdaloidal basalt 




Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate.. 

Drilling costs. 
Drilling rate.. 



Reduced 

Increased 20 to 50 pet. 

Reduced 

Increased 20 to 50 pet. 



30 



TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. 



Rock 



Concentrations 
tested, wt pet 



Property 



Effect 



References 2 



THORIUM CHLORIDE" 



Argillaceous 
Gritstone'. . 


rocks 


(shales) 


0.0 

.0 
.0 

.0 


- 0.03 

.03 
.03 

.03 


Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

NP 


Reduced 


"1 


Increased 15 to 40 pet. 
NE 


I 

23 




Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 

Bit wear 

Drilling rate.. 


Reduced. ............... 


\ 


Sandstone. ........................ 


Increased 9 pet 

Decreased. 


1 




Increased 15 to 40 pet. 


? 23 



TOLUENE" 



Calcium fluoride crystals.. 
Lithium fluoride crystals'. 
Magnesium oxide crystals.., 



Quartz. 



NA 

NA 

Pure 

Pure 



NP 

Bit life 

Drilling rate. 



.do. 



NE 

Increased. 
...do 



Increased 20-fold. 



31 

13 

15, 32 

8 



TORQUE TRIM^ 



Rhyolite porphyry. 



2.0 



NP. 
T9- 



NE. 



15 

TT 

13 

15 

8 

21 



WATER 



Greenstone-'. 



Lithium fluoride crystals'* »', 
Magnesium oxide crystals*.... 



Quartz" 



Quartzite*, 



NAp 

NAp 
NAp 
NAp 



Drilling 
effectiveness. 

Bit life 

Drilling rate.. 

. . .do 



NAp NP NE 



Increased to maximum. 



Increased 

NE 

Increased 20-fold. 



NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. 

NE No added effects reported. NP No specific property reported. 

'compared to drilling with water alone. 

^Numbers refer to items in the list of references preceding the appendixes. 

^Field test using EX (1.5-in-ID) bit. 

Laboratory test(s). ^Mole per liter. 
^Tests on hematite and taconite. ^Test using BX (2.375-in-lD) bit. 

Field test(s), no bit size given. 'Compared to dry drilling, not to water. 



'"Optimum reported concentration was 0.01 pet. ''Normal concentration (N), 

^Recommended for all low-silica, igneous rocks. "industrial tests. 

'^Field test using BX (2.375-in-ID) bit and NX (3.0-in-ID) bit. 

'^Optimum reported concentration. 

'^Novo Khazinskii and Arlanskii coal depostis, Arlansk region, field tests. 



Field test using NX (3.0-in-ID) bit. 
New South Wales coal measure, field tests. 
^^Field test using AX (1.91-in-ID) bit and BX (2.375-in-ID) bit. 

Reported that the reactant fluid, calcium chloride, produced the enhanced results. 



20 

^'optimum reported concentration was 0.25 pet. 
^^Field test using AX (1.91-in-ID) bit. 
^Composition of special mud, in percent: 

Bentonite clay 5.6 

Sodium bicarbonate.. .95 

Sodium chloride 13.4 

Tap water 80.05 



Methane to decanol. 

Naphthenic acid soap, 0.25 to 0.5 wt pet; sodium carbonate, 0.25 wt pet. 



^^Each. 27Fieid test using AXL (1. 185-in-ID) bit. 
Optimum reported concentration was 0.1 pet. 
Water used as drilling fluid, not just for comparison purposes. 



REFERENCES- 



31 



1. Appl, T. C, B. N. Rao, and B. H. 
Walker. Effects of AICI3 Additive While 
Cutting Granite With a Single Diamond. 
Ind. Diamond Rev., v. 41, June 1981, 
pp. 312-318. 

2. Cooper, G. A,, and J. Berlie. On 
the Influence of the Flushing Fluid Dur- 
ing Diamond Drilling. J. Mater. Sci., v. 
11, 1976, pp. 1771-1775. 

3. Efimov, M, V. (Fixation (Adsorp- 
tion) of Softeners With Ore in Relation 
to Their Concentrations.) J. Appl. Chem. 
(Leningrad), v. 13, 1940, pp. 1336-1340; 
Chem. Abstr., v. 35, 1941, No. 2245.3. 

4. Engelmann, W. H., H. F. Unger, and 
B. S. Snowden. Diamond Drilling With 
Surfactants in Upper Michigan Amygda- 
loidal Basalts Using Surface-Set Bits. 
Trans. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, v. 258, Sept. 
1975, pp. 185-190. 

5. Epshtein, E. F., and A. N. David- 
enko. (Effect of the Medium on the De- 
struction of Rocks.) Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. 
Zaved., Corn, Zh. , v. 7, 1980, pp. 3-5; 
Chem. Abstr., v. 93, 1980, No. 242175y. 

6. Golovanov, N. I. (Application of 
the Ore Softeners for Accelerating of 
Drilling of Quartz and Granodiorite 
Strata of the Kochkar' Deposit.) Gorn. 
Zh., v. 114, Nos. 8-9, 1938, pp. 22-25; 
Chem. Abstr., v. 33, 1939, No. 1411.3. 

7. Hoenig, S. A., R. Zanoni, and J. L. 
Griffith. Application of Electrochemical 
Technology to the Improvement of Rock- 
Drilling Systems. Wear, v. 86, 1983, 
pp. 247-256. 

8. Jackson, R. E., N. H. Macmillan, 
and A. R. C. Westwood. Chemical Enhance- 
ment of Rock Drilling. Paper in Advances 
in Rock Mechanics (Proc. 3d Congr. Int. 
Soc. Rock Mech. , Denver, CO, Sept. 1-7, 
1974). Reports of Current Research, v. 
2, pt. B. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, 
DC, 1974, pp. 1487-1492. 

9. Joris, A. C. T., and G. McLaren. 
Additives to Coolants Used in Diamond 
Drilling and Sawing in Australia. Min. 
and Miner. Eng., v. 3, No. 5, May 1967, 
pp. 190-205. 

— » — 

^Additional references are included in 
each appendix. 



10. Kitching, J. Major Advance in 
Drilling Technique Reported From Wit- 
tenoom Gorge. Min. and Chem. Eng. Rev. , 
V. 57, No. 2, Feb. 1965, pp. 11-13. 

11. Long, A. E., and W. G. Agnew. Ef- 
fect of Lubricating Agents in a Diamond- 
Drilling-Bit Coolant and Cuttings-Removal 
Medium. BuMines RI 3793, Jan. 1945, 
5 pp. 

12. Macmillan, N. H. , R. E. Jackson, 
W. M. Mularie, and A. R. C. Westwood. 
Optimization of Fluids for Diamond Core 
Drilling of Silicates. Trans. Soc. Min. 
Eng. AIME, V. 258, Dec. 1975, pp. 278- 
280. 

13. Martin Marietta Corp. (Baltimore, 
MD) . Application of Chemomechanical Ef- 
fects to Full-Scale Hard Rock Drilling. 
MML Prop. MA 77-04R, Jan. 1977, 100 pp. 

14. Mills, J. J. Environment-Enhanced 
Disintegration of Hard Rocks. Martin 
Marietta Corp., Baltimore, MD, MML Tech. 
Rep. 76-90C, Nov. 1976, 35 pp. 

15. . Environment-Enhanced Dis- 
integration of Hard Rocks. Martin Mari- 
etta Corp., Baltimore, MD, MML Tech. Rep. 
78-lOc, Feb. 1978, 76 pp. 

16. . Letters. Influence of 

Chemomechanically Active Fluids on Dia- 
mond Wear During Hard Rock Drilling. J. 
Mater. Sci., v. 13, 1978, pp. 2712-2716. 

17. Mills, J. J., A. R. C. Westwood, 
and R. D. Huntington. Environment- 
Enhanced Disintegration of Hard Rocks. 
Martin Marietta Corp., Baltimore, MD, MML 
Tech. Rep. 76-40c, May 1976, 31 pp. 

18. Rebinder, P. A., L. A. Shreiner, 
and K. F. Zhigach. (Decreasing the Hard- 
ness of Strata by Adding Chemical Com- 
pounds to the Drilling Fluid Thus In- 
creasing the Drilling Velocity.) Neft. 
Prom. SSSR, No. 5, 1940, pp. 54-65; Chem. 
Abstr., V. 36, 1942, No. 1471.4. 

19. . (Hardness Reducers in 

Drilling. A Physico-Chemical Method of 
Facilitating the Mechanical Destruction 
of Rocks During Drilling.) Akad. Nauk 
SSSR, Moscow, 1944; Transl. by Commonw. 
Sci. and Ind. Res. Organ. (CSIRO), Mel- 
bourne, Australia, 1948, 163 pp. 



32 



20. Research Institute for Advanced 
Studies (Baltimore, MD). Environment- 
Enhanced Disintegration of Hard Rocks, 
RIAS Prop. 412, Mar. 1972, 60 pp. 

21. Sellm, A. A., C. W. Schultz, and 
K. C. Strebig. The Effect of Additives 
on Impregnated Diamond Bit Performance. 
Soc. Pet. Eng. J., v. 13, 1969, pp. 425- 
433. 

22. Sentsova, E. P. (Effects of Sur- 
factants on the Drilling Rate During the 
Opening of a Producing Horizon in the 
Arlansk Deposit.) Soversh. Vskrytiya, 
Ispyt. i Osvoeniya Prod. Plastov Ekspl. i 
Razved. Skvazhinakh. , Mater. Vses. So- 
veshch. , 1966, pp. 154-157; Chem. Abstr. , 
V. 72, 1970, No. 14486m. 

23. Shepherd, R. Improving the Effi- 
ciency of Rotary Drilling of Shotholes. 
Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., v. 113, pt. 11, 
Aug. 1954, pp. 1029-1048. 

24. . Rotary Drilling Develop- 
ments. Mine and Quarry Eng., v. 21, No. 
8, Aug. 1955, pp. 329-335. 

25. Shreiner, L. A., and K. M. Sadi- 
lenko. (Physical and Chemical Influence 
of Liquid Mediums on the Wear of Steel 
and Hard Alloys During Friction on 
Rocks.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 139, 
No. 2, 1961, pp. 427-429; Chem. Abstr., 
V. 61, 1964, No. 367g. 

26. Shreiner, L. A., and K. F. 
Zhigach. (Boring Holes With Flushing in 



Conjunction With Agents for Decreasing 
the Hardness of Rocks.) Akad. Nauk SSSR, 
Kolloido-Elektrokhim. Inst., 1943, 63 
pp.; Chem. Abstr., v. 38, 1944, No. 
1815. 

27. Strebig, K. C, C. W. Schultz, and 
A. A. Selim. How To Effect a Cost Re- 
duction in Diamond Drilling. Min. Eng. 
(N.Y.), V. 21, Oct. 1969, pp. 73-75. 

28. Strebig, K. C, A. A. Selim, and 
C. W. Schultz. Effect of Organic Addi- 
tives on Impregnated Diamond Drilling. 
BuMines RI 7494, 1971, 31 pp. 

29. Tweeton, D. R. , W. H. Engelmann, 
G. A. Savanick, and D. I. Johnson. In- 
fluence of Surf ace- Active Chemicals on 
Drilling and Fracturing Rock. BuMines RI 
8186, 1976, 20 pp. 

30. Vutukuri, V. S. Improved Drilling 
Rates at Lower Cost. Min. Mag., v. 125, 
No. 4, Oct. 1971, pp. 324-327. 

31. Westwood, A. R. C, and D. L. 
Goldheim. Mechanism for Environmental 
Control of Drilling in MgO and CaF2 Mono- 
crystals. J. Am. Ceram. Soc, v. 53, 
1970, pp. 142-147. 

32. Westwood, A. R. C, N. H. Macmil- 
lan, and R. S. Kalyoncu, Chemomechanical 
Phenomena in Hard Rock Drilling. Trans. 
Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, v. 256, June 1974, 
pp. 106-111. 



33 



APPENDIX A.~SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES USED TO STUDY 
VARIOUS PROCESSING METHODS, WITH REFERENCES 

TABLE A-1. - Chemical additives tested for various processing methods 



Additive 



Concentrations 
tested 



Method 



References 2 



ALUMINUM CRYSTALS 

Aeropromoter 765 wt pet.. 

Aeropromoter 765 plus naphthenic acid wt pet.. 

Naphthenic acid wt pet. . 

Oleic acid wt pet . . 

Organosilieon wt pet . . 

CALCITE 

Sodium petroleum sulfonates 

CASSITERITE 

Alphaamino valeric acid 

Cupf erron 

Laurylamlne hydrochloride mg/L. . 

Sodium laurate 

Sodium oleate 

Sodium pelargonlte 

Sodium sulfate mg/L. ♦ 

CEMENT AND/OR CLINKER 

Acetone 

Asphaltlnes 

Benzene 

Calcium sulfate 

Carbon blacks 

Cod oil 

Cyclohexane 

Diethanolamine wt pet . . 

Ethylene glycol 

Glycol 

Kojic oil 

n-butylamlne 

Organosilieon wt pet . . 

Propylene glycol wt pet.. 

Resins 

Triethanolamlne wt pet. . 

Urea 

Water 

Wool grease 

CLAY ROCKS 

Sodium chloride wt pet. . 

Soluble oils wt pet . . 

COAL 

Acetone 

Anhydrous ethanol 

Anhydrous Isopropanol 

Anhydrous methanoo 

Dlmethylsulf oxide 

Distilled water 

Ethylamlne 

Glacial acetic acid 

Hexadecane 

Hexanes 

Hydrogen peroxide 

Liquid ammonia 

Methanol 

Me thyl amine 

See notes at end of table. 



0.25-0.75 


C 


0.2-0.8 


C 


0.25-0.75 


C 


0.25-0.5 


C 


0.005 


C 



NA 



Fl 



NA 
NA 
50 
NA 
NA 
NA 
50 



Fl 
Fl 
Fl 
Fl 
Fl 
Fl 
Fl 



17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 



Vapor 

NA 

Vapor 

NA 

NA 

NA 

Vapor 

0.1 

Vapor 

NA 

NA 

Vapor 

0.01-0.05 

0.05 

NA 

0.1 

NA 

NAp 

NA 



12 
3 

12 
3 
3 
3 

12 
3 

12 
3 
3 

12 
3 
3 
3 
3, 11, 15 
3 
3, 11, 15 
3 



0.25-0.5 
0.17 



Fr 
Fr 



NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NAp 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 



C 
C 

c 
c 

Fr 

Fr 

C 

C 

Fr 

Fr 

C 

C 

C 

C 



2 

2 

2 

2 

18 

18 

2 

2 

18 

18 

2 

2 

2 

2 



34 



TABLE A-1. - Chemical additives tested for various processing methods — Con. 



Additive 



Concentrations 
tested 



Method 



References 2 





COAL — Continued 








Olelf arid. ............................................... 


NA 

NA 

2.49 

2.34 

3.42 

5.39 

NA 

NA 

Pure 


Fr 

Fr 

Fr 

Fr 

Fr 

Fr 

C 

Fr 

Fr 


18 


Potasssliiin iodine. .......................................... 


18 


Saturated aluminum chloride. ..... 


>.................. .mol . . 


18 


Saturated calcium chloride. ...... 


mol. . 


18 


Saturated iron chloride 


mol . . 


18 


Saturated sodium chloride. ....... 


mnl . . 


18 


Sodium hydroxide 

Sodium silicate. .......................................... 


2 
18 


Toluene 


18 





CORUNDUM 








Sodium chloride. .......................................... 


NA 
NA 


Fl 
Fl 


17 


Sodium nitrate 


17 



DOLOMITE 



Calcium hydroxide. 
Sodium hydroxide. . 
Soluble oils 



•wt pet. 
.wt pet. 
.wt pet. 






GLASS 








Acetone 


NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 


C 
C 
C 

c 


3 


Benzene. .................................................. 


3 


Carbon tetrachloride 


3 


Nitromethane 


3 



GYPSUM 



Wool grease. 



HEMATITE (T ACONITE) 



NA I 



Activator AR calcium chloride. 

Aluminum chloride 

Armac D 12 

Cationic surfactant 

Dodecylamlne acetate 

Dodecylammonlum chloride 

Ferric chloride 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium dodecylsulf ate 

Sodium octadecylsulf ate 

Sodium oleate 

Sodium silicate 

Sulphonic Promoter 801 

XF-4272 

XFS-4272 



.lb/ton. , 
,wt pet. . 
.lb/ton. , 
.wt pet. . 
. .mol/L. . 



•wt pet., 
•wt pet. , 



...mg/g. 
•lb/ton. 
•wt pet. 
•lb/ton. 



5-20 

0.1 

0.1-0.7 

0.2-0.7 

10-7-10-3 

NA 

0.1 

0.1-0.25 

NA 

NA 

NA 

1.25 

0.3 

0.02-0.06 

0.5 



C 

Fr 

C 

Fr 

C 

Fl 

Fr 

Fr 

Fl 

Fl 

C 

C 

C 

C 

C 



14 

4 

14 

4 

14 

17 

4 

4 

17 

17 

14 

3 

14 

3 

3 



LIMESTONE 



Calcium hydroxide. 

Flotlgan P 

Sodium carbonate. . 
Sodium hydroxide. . 
Soluble oils 



•wt pet, 
.wt pet. 
.wt pet. 
.wt pet. 
.wt pet. 



0.05-0.07 
0.03 
0.25 
0.05 
0.67 



Fr 

C 

C 

C 

Fr 



4 
3, 16 
6, 10 
6, 10 

4 



MAGNESITE 



Aluminum chloride. . , 
Cationic surfactant. 

Ferric chloride 

Sodium chloride 



.wt pet. 
,wt pet. 
.wt pet, 
.wt pet. 



0.1 

0.2-0.7 

0.1 

0.1-0.25 



Fr 
Fr 
Fr 
Fr 





MARBLE 








Ac etone. ......................................... ......... 


NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 


C 
C 
C 
C 


3 


Benzene 


3 


Carbon tetrachloride 


3 


Nitromethane 


3 



35 



TABLE A-1. - Chemical additives tested for various processing methods — Con. 



Additive 



Concentrations 
tested 



Method' 



References 2 



QUARTZ 



Acetone 

Alcohol 

Aluminum chloride 

Aluminum nitrate 

Barium nitrate 

Benzene 

Carbon tetrachloride 

Copper sulfate 

Dodecylammonium acetate 

Hydrochloric acid 

Methyl alcohol 

MS 66 

Nitromethane 

Octyl to octadecyl ammonium acetate. 

Repelcote 

Siliconate D 3032 , 

Sodium chloride 

Sodium hydroxide 

Sodium laurate , 

Sodium nitrate 

Sodium oleate 

Sodium petroleum sulfonates 

Water 

Wool grease , 



.wt pet.. 
. . .eq/L. . 
. . .eq/L. . 



....g/L. 
. .mol/L. 
. .mol/L. 
•wt pet. 
•wt pet. 



. .mol/L. . 
.wt pet. , 
.wt pet. . 
.wt pet. . 
. .mol/L. 
. . .eq/L. 
. . .eq/L. , 
. . .eq/L. 



Vapor 

NA 

0.02-0.1 

10-7-10-1 

10-7-10- ' 

NA 

NA 

1 

10-7-10-1 

0.01 

>10 

1.0 

NA 

10-7-10- ' 

2.0 

1.0 

0.1-0.5 

io-3-ioo 

10-7-10- ' 
10-7-10-1 
10-7-10-1 

NA 
NAp 

NA 



C 

C 

C 

Fl 

Fl 

C 

C 

C 

Fl 

Fl 

C 

C 

C 

Fl 

C 

C 

Fl 

Fl 

Fl 

Fl 

Fl 

Fl 

C 

C 



3, 12 

3 

3, 6 

8 

8, 17 

3, 12 
3 
6 
7, 9. 17 
8 
6 
6 
3 
6 
6 
6 

8, 17 
8 
8 
8 
8 
1 
12 
3 



QUARTZITE 



Aluminum chloride... 
Anionic surfactants. 
Calcium chloride..., 

Flotigan P 

Magnesium chloride.. 

Sodium chloride 

Soluble oils 



•wt pet. 
.wt pet. 
.wt pet. 
•wt pet. 
.wt pet. 
•wt pet. 
.wt pet. 



0.02-0.1 
0.4-1.2 
0.1-0.2 
0.03 
0.1-0.2 
0.1-0.5 
0.5-0.9 



Fr 

Fr 

Fr 

C 

Fr 

Fr 

Fr 



RUTILE 








Linoleie acid 


NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 


Fl 
Fl 
Fl 
Fl 


17 


Linolenic acid 


17 


Oleicic acid 


17 


Stearic acid 


17 



SHALE 



Sodium chloride. 
Soluble oils.... 



•wt pet. 
.wt pet. 



0.25-0.5 
0.17 



Fr 
Fr 





STEATITE 








Acetone 


Vapor 
Vapor 
Vapor 


C 
C 
C 


12 


Benzene. 


12 


Water 


12 





STEEL 








MRS 


NA 
NA 
NA 


C 
C 
C 


13 


Ukrinol 14/9 

Ukrinol 14/10 


13 

13 





URANINITE 








Ferric ion (Fe III) 


•••••••.........••.. .mo 1 . . 


10-4-10-2 
10-4_io-1.82 


Fr 
Fr 


18 


Sulfate ion 


mol. . 


18 



ZIRCON 



Triethanolamlne wt pet, 



0.2 



NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. 
'C = comminution or grinding; Fl = flotat 
^Numbers refer to items in the list of re 



ion; Fr = fragmentation, 
ferenees following the table. 



36 



REFERENCES A 



1. Boulos, T. R. , A. G. Yousef, and 
M. Hilal. Local Petroleum Sulphonate for 
the Flotation of Some Minerals and Ores. 
Tenside, v. 14, No. 6, Nov. -Dec. 1977, 
pp. 307-310. 

2. Chemical & Engineering News. 
Chemical Comminution Shows Promise for 
Coal. V. 52, Sept. 2, 1974, pp. 16-17. 

3. Committee on Comminution and En- 
ergy Consumption. Comminution and Energy 
Consumption. Natl. Mater. Advis. Board, 
Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC, NMAB- 
364, May 1981, 298 pp. 

4. Engelmann, W. H. Chemical Frag- 
mentation. Sec. in SME Mining Engineer- 
ing Handbook, ed. by A. B. Cummins and 
I. A. Given. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, 1973, 
pp. 11-112 to 11-123. 

5. Fattah, W. I. A., T. R. Boulos, 
A. A. Yousef, and G. N. Gad. The Influ- 
ence of Additives on the Grinding of 
^-Alumina for the Production of High Alu- 
mina Ceramics. Powder Technol. , v. 3, 
1969/1970, pp. 72-77. 

6. Frangiskos, A. Z., and H. G. 
Smith, The Effect of Some Surface Active 
Reagents on the Comminution of Limestone 
and Quartz. Paper in Progress in Mineral 
Dressing (Trans. Int. Miner. Dressing 
Congr. , Stockholm, Sweden, 1957). Alm- 
qvist & Wiksell, 1958, pp. 67-84. 

7. Fuerstenau, D. W. , T. W. Healy, 
and P. Somasundaran. The Role of the Hy- 
drocarbon Chain of Alkyl Collectors in 
Flotation. Trans. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, 
V. 229, Dec. 1964, pp. 321-325. 

8. Gaudin, A. M. , and D. W. Fuer- 
stenau. Quartz Flotation With Anionic 
Collectors. Min. Eng. (N.Y.), v. 202, 
Jan. 1955, pp. 66-72. 

9. . Quartz Flotation With Cat- 
ionic Collectors. Min. Eng. (N.Y.), v. 
202, Oct. 1955, pp. 958-962. 

10. Ghosh, S. K. , C. C. Harris, and 
A. Jowette. Beneficial Effects of 



Reagents in Solution on Wet Crushing of 
Rock. Nature (London), v. 188, Dec. 31, 
1960, p. 1182. 

11. Kudryavtseva, N. L, , and G. S. 
Khodakov. (Influence of Surfactant Addi- 
tives on the Grinding of Clinker.) Dokl. 
Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 156, No. 2, 1964, 
pp. 437-440; Chem. Abstr., v. 66, 1967, 
No. 13831. 

12. Locher, F. W. , and H. M. von See- 
bach. Influence of Adsorption on Indus- 
trial Grinding. Ind. and Eng. Chem. , 
Process Des. and Dev. , v. 11, No. 2, 
1972, pp. 190-197. 

13. Machine Tools. New Types of Cool- 
ant Permit High-Speed Grinding of High- 
Speed Steels. V. 48, No. U, 1977, 
pp. 53-54. 

14. Malati, M. A., A. A. Yousef, and 
M. A. Arafa. The Effect of Flotation 
Reagents on Grinding. Powder Technol. , 
v. 2, 1968, pp. 21-26. 

15. Opoczky, L. (Effect of Surface- 
Active Agents on Grinding of Cement 
Clinker.) Epitoanyag, v. 21, No, 5, 
1969, pp. 188-193; Chem. Abstr., v. 71, 
1969, No. 41915m. 

16. Somasundaran, P,, and I, J, Lin. 
Effect of the Nature of Environment on 
Comminution Processes. Ind. and Eng. 
Chem., Process Des. and Dev., v. 11, No. 
3, 1972, pp. 321-331. 

17. Sun, S. C, and G. Purcell. The 
Importance of Electrokinetics in Min- 
eral Flotation. Miner. Ind. (University 
Park, PA), v. 29, No. 1, Oct. 1959, 
pp. 1-5. 

18. Syracuse University Research Corp, 
The Effect of Chemical Additives on the 
Production of Fine Particles in Coal 
Fragmentation. Final report on BuMines 
contract H0101704, June 1974, 108 pp.; 
available upon request from W, H. Engel- 
mann, BuMines, Minneapolis, MN. 



37 



APPENDIX B. —SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES USED IN SURFACE 
EFFECTS STUDIES, WITH REFERENCES 

TABLE B-1, - Chemical additives tested in measuring various surface effects 



Additive 



Concentrations 
tested 



Effects^ 



References" 





ALUMINUM CRYSTALS 








Dry air 


NAp 
NA 

NA 


F 
F 
F 


3 


Hexadecane 


3 


Mercury 


3 





ALUMINUM OXIDE 








n— alcohols • 


NA 
NA 


Z 
Z 


17-18 


Sodium hydroxide 


17-18 





CALCITE 








Benzene 


NA 

NA 

NA 

NAp 


S 
Z 
Z 
S 


19 


Nitric acid 


18 


Sodium hydroxide 

Water 


18 
19 



CALCIUM FLUORIDE 



Aluminum chloride , 

Calcium chloride , 

DMF , 

DMSO , 

DMF in DMSO 

n-heptane to n-hexadecane, 

Silver chloride 

Silver nitrate 

Sodiixm chloride 

Toluene^ 



,wt pet.. 



,wt pet. . 
,wt pet. . 
,wt pet.. 
,wt pet. . 



0.0-0.2 

NA 

0-100 

0-100 

0-50 

Varied 

NA 

NA 

NA 

Pure 




5 

27 

5, 27 

5, 27 

5, 27 

5 

27 

27 

27 

5, 27 



CHRYSOTILE 








Potassium chloride N. . 


10-5 

10-2 
NA 


Z 

Z 
Z 


20 


Sodium carbonate plus sodium phosphate 

mol/L. . 
Sodium silicate 


20 
20 



FOSTERITE 



Water 





NAp 


z 


15 


GERMANIA 




Fluorobenzene 


1 


NA 


A 


23 



GLASS 



Aluminum nitrate , 

Calcium chloride , 

Calcium nitrate , 

Crystal violet , 

Hydrochloric acid , 

Lanthium chloride , 

n-aleohols (methanol to dodecyl) . . , 

Potassixim chloride 

Sodium chloride , 

Sodium dodecyl sulfate , 

Sodium tetradeeyl sulfate , 

Synovial fluid , 

Tetradeeyldimethyl ammonium bomide, 

Thorium nitrate 

Toluene 



, .mol/L. . 
. .mol/L. . 
. .mol/L. . 
. .mol/L. . 
•wt pet. . 
. ,mol/L. . 



.mol/L. . 
.mol/L. . 



.mol/L. . 



See notes at end of table. 




1 
12 

1 

1 

12 

12 

16, 18, 29 

1 
12 
22 
22 
22 
22 

1 
18 



38 



TABLE B-1. - Chemical additives tested in measuring various surface effects — Con. 



Additive 



Concentrations 
tested 



Effects 



References' 



GRANITE 



Aluminum chloride.,.., 

DTAB , 

n-alcohols 

Oleylammonium acetate, 
Toluene 



.mol/L. . 
. . .mol. . 



3x10 



•6_ 



1x10-"* 

10-3 

NA 

NA 

NA 



LIMESTONE 



Analine 

Benzaldehyde 

Benzene 

Ethyl alcohol 

Ethylene glycol..,, 

Glycerine 

n-butyl alcohol..,. 

Nitrobenzene 

1 ,3-dibromopropane. 
Toluene 



NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 



R 
R 
R 
R 
R 
R 
R 
R 
R 
R 



LITHIUM FLUORIDE 



Aluminum chloride 

Caprylic to stearic acids, 
DMF , 



DMSO , 

DMF in DMSO , 

Hexadecane , 

Hexadecane with organic acids, 

Oleic acid , 

Toluene 

Water 



.wt pet, , 

N , . 

•wt pet. , 
.wt pet., 
•wt pet. . 



10 



0.1 

•6-10-2 

0-100 

0-100 

0-50 

NA 

NA 

NA 

NA 

NAp 



R 

R 

R; Z 

R 

R 

F 

F 

F 

R; Z 

R; Z 



5 
26 

5; 17 
5 
5 
4 
4 
4 
5; 17 
5; 17 



MAGNESIUM OXIDE 



Aluminum chloride , 

DMF , 

DMSO , 

DMF in DMSO , 

n-heptane to n-hexadeeane . 

Sodium chloride , 

Toluene , 

Water , 



•wt pet. . 
,wt pet., 
.wt pet., 
•wt pet. , 
•wt pet, , 
N,, 



0,1 

0-100 

0-100 

0-50 

Varied 

10-2 

NA 
NAp 



R; Z 
R; Z 
R 
R 
Z 



16; 5, 28; 18 

16; 5, 28; 18 

16; 5, 28 

16; 5 

16; 17 

18 

16 



QUARTZ 



Lde, 



Aluminum chloride 

Ammonium acetate , 

Calcium chloride , 

Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromic 

Decylammonlum acetate 

Dodecylammonium acetate 

Dodecylammonium acetate plus sodium 
carbonates « 



•wt pet, , 
, ,mol/L, , 
. , , .mol. . 



.mol/L, , 
,mol/L, , 

,mol/L, , 



DTAB , 

Hexadecyl ammonium acetate, 

Hydrochloric acid , 

Lanthium chloride, , 



,mol/L, , 
,mol/L. , 
, , ,mol, , 




25 

8 

12 

30 

8 

7-8 

8 

18 

8 

12 

12 



39 



TABLE B-1. - Chemical additives tested in measuring various surface effects — Con. 



Additive 



Concentrations 
tested 



Effects' 



References^ 



QUARTZ — Continued 



n-alcohols 

Octylammonium acetate .mol/L. 

Potassium chloride 

Potassium iodide in isopropyl alcohol 

Sodium chloride wt pet. 

Do .mol/L. 

Sodium dodecyl sulfate 

Tetradecylammonlum acetate. mol/L. 

Thorium nitrate 



NA 

10- ■'-10-1 

NA 

NA 

0.1-0.5 

10-4-10-3 

NA 

lo-'^-io-i 

NA 



Z 

F; Z 
Z 
Z 
S; Z 

S 
Z 
Z 



18 

25; 8 

18 

18 

30; 12 

30 

8 

18 





SILICA 








Acetone 


NA 
NA 

10-^-10-2 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
Varied 

10-4-10-2 

NA 

NA 

10-4-10-2 

NA 
NAp 


A 
A 
Z 
A 
A 
A 
A 
Z 
Z 
A 
A 
Z 
A 
A 


9 


Benzene .....r- 


9 


Calcium chloride 


>............ .mol. . 


12 






2 


Diethyl ether 


9 


DTAB 


2 


Hexane .r 


9 


Hydrochloric acid 


,, ,,, ,wt pet. . 


12 


Lanthium chloride 


I............ .mol. . 


12 


Methanol. ••••.•............. 




9 




9 


Sodium chloride. ............ 


>............ .mol. . 


12 


Tripfhyl ami nf>, t............ 




9 


Water 


9 





STEEL 








Benzene 


NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
0.1 
NA 


R 
S 
F 
R 
A 
F 


13 


Carbon tetrachloride 


24 


Molybdenum sulfate 


10 


Oleic acid 


13 


Stearic acid 


..••••.. .wt DCt. . 


14 


Tungsten sulfate 




10 



TIN 



ALlyl alcohol , 

Dodecyl alcohol , 

Lauryl chloride , 

Methyl laurate , 

n-propyl alcohol , 

Octylamine , 

Oleic acid , 

Paraffin , 

Saturated fatty alcohols, 



,wt pet, 



NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
0.2 
NA 



A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 



14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
21 
21 
14 



ZINC CRYSTALS 



Oleic acid. 
Paraffin. . , 



,wt pet.. 
.wt pet.. 



0.1 
0.2 



A 
A 



21 
21 



NAp Not applicable. 
F = friction and wear; 



R = Rebinder effect; S = surface effects; 



NA Not available. 
'a = adsorption; 
Z = zeta potential. 

^Numbers refer to items in the list of references following the table. 
^<0.02 pet water. 



40 



REFERENCES B 



1. Akers , R, J, Zeta Potential and 
the Use of the Electrophoretic Mass 
Transport Analyzer, Am. Lab, (Fairfield, 
CT), V. 4, June 1972, pp, 41-53, 

2. Bijsterbosch, B, H. Characteriza- 
tions of Silica Surfaces by Adsorption 
From Solution, Investigations Into the 
Mechanism of Adsorption of Cationic Sur- 
factants, J, Colloid and Interface Sci,, 
V. 42, No, 1, Apr. 1974, pp, 186-189, 

3. Buckley, D, H. Effect of Orienta- 
tion and the Presence of Surf ace- Active 
Materials on the Friction, Deformation, 
and Wear of Aluminum, NASA Tech, Note, 
NASA-TN-D-4994, 1969, 22 pp.; Chem, 
Abstr,, V, 70, 1969, No, 60244n, 

4. . Influence of Surface- 
Active Agents on Friction, Deformation, 
and Fracture of Lithixom Fluoride, NASA 
Tech, Note, NASA-TN-D-4716, 1968, 26 pp.; 
Chem. Abstr., v. 69, 1968, No, 62302h, 

5. Ceramic Awareness Bulletin. Re- 
binder Effects in Ceramics. No. 23, 
July-Aug. 1970, pp. 20-25. 

6. Engelmann, W, H, , 0. Terichow, and 
A. A. Selim. Zeta Potential and Pendu- 
lum Schlerometer Studies of Granite in a 
Solution Environment. BuMines RI 7048, 
1967, 16 pp. 

7. Fuerstenau, D. W. Correlation of 
Contact Angles, Adsorption Density, Zeta 
Potentials and Flotation Rate. Min. 
Eng. (N.Y.), V. 9, No, 12, Dec, 1957, 
pp, 1365-1367, 

8. , Streaming Potential Stud- 
ies on Quartz in Solutions of Aminium 
Acetates in Relation to the Formation of 
Hemi-micelles at the Quartz-Solution In- 
terface. J. Phys. Chem., v. 60, July 
1956, pp. 981-985. 

9. Hair, M. L. , and W. Hertil. Ad- 
sorption on Hydroxylated Silica Sur- 
faces. J. Phys. Chem., v. 73, Dec. 1969, 
pp. 4269-4276. 

10. Has, Z. (Rebinder Effect and Co- 
efficient of Friction During Metal Work- 
ing Processes.) Zesz. Nauk.-Politech. 
Lodz. Mech., v. 25, 1968, pp. 5-72; Chem. 
Abstr., v. 72, 1970, No. 82238g. 

11. Heins, R. W. Studies of the Re- 
binder Effect by the Rebinder-Kuznetsov 
Pendulum, Ph, D, Thesis, Univ. IL, Ur- 
bana, IL, 1964, HI pp. 



12. Jednacek, J., V. Pravdic, and W, 
Haller. The Electrokinetic Potential of 
Glasses in Aqueous Electrolytic Solu- 
tions. J. Colloid and Interface Sci., 
v. 49, No. 1, Oct. 1974, pp. 76-23. 

13. Karpenko, G. V., E. M. Gutman, and 
I. I. Vasilenko. (The Binder Effect in 
Corrosive and Weak Surface-Active Media.) 
Fiz.-Khim. Mekh. Mater., v. 3, 1967, 
pp. 523-532; Chem. Abstr., v. 68, 1968, 
No. 71530m. 

14. Katsov, K. B. (Adsorption Lower- 
ing of the Contact Durability of ShKhl5 
Steel.) Fiz.-Khim. Mekh. Mater., v. 4, 

1968, pp. 432-434; Chem. Abstr., v. 70, 

1969, No, 22168h, 

15. Luce, R, W, , and G. A. Porks, 
Point of Zero Charge of Weathered For- 
sterite. Chem. Geol. , v. 12, 1973, 
pp. 147-153. 

16. Macmillan, N. H. , R. D. Hunting- 
ton, and A. R. C. West wood. Chemomechan- 
ical Control of Sliding Friction Behavior 
in Nonmetals. Martin Marietta Corp., 
Baltimore, MD, MML Tech. Rep. 73-16c, 
Nov. 1973, 39 pp. 

17. . Relationship Between Zeta 

Potential and Dislocation Mobility. Mar- 
tin Marietta Corp., Baltimore, MD, MML 
Tech. Rep. 73-llc, July 1973, 26 pp. 

18. Macmillan, N. H. , and A. R. C. 
Westwood. Surface Charge-Dependent Me- 
chanical Behavior of Non-Metals. Martin 
Marietta Corp., Baltimore, MD, MML Tech, 
Rep. 73-13C, Sept. 1973, 43 pp. 

19. Mardles, E. W. , Jr. Annual Con- 
ference of the British Society of Rheol- 
ogy. Nature (London), v. 176, Oct, 29, 
1955, pp. 819-820. 

20. Martinez, E., and G. L. Zucker. 
Asbestos Ore Body Minerals Studied by 
Zeta Potential Measurements, J, Phys, 
Chem,, V, 64, July 1960, pp, 924-926. 

21. Rebinder, P. A., V. I. Likhtman, 
and V. M. Maslennikov. (Deformation of 
Single Crystals of Metals as Facilitated 
by Adsorption of Surface-Active Sub- 
stances.) C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS, v. 32, 
1941, pp. 125-129; Chem. Abstr., v. 37, 
1943, No. 812. 

22. Roberts, A. D. Direct Measurement 
of Electrical Double-Layer Forces Between 



41 



Solid Surfaces. J. Colloid and Interface 
Sci., V. 41, No. 1, Oct. 1972, pp. 23- 
34. 

23. Sahay, B. K. , and M. J. D. Law. 
Interactions Between Surface Hydroxyl 
Groups and Adsorbed Molecules. V. Fluo- 
robenzene Adsorption on Germania. J. 
Colloid and Interface Sci., v. 48., No. 
1, July 1974, pp. 20-31. 

24. Shirakashi, T. , R. Komanduri, and 
M. C. Shaw. The Conflicting Roles of 
Carbontetrachloride as a Boundary Lubri- 
cant. J. Eng. Ind. , v. 100, No. 2, May 
1978, pp. 244-248. 

25. Tweeton, D. R. Effect of Environ- 
ment on Friction and Wear Between Quartz 
and Steel. BuMines RI 8124, 1976, 25 pp. 

26. Westwood, A. R. C. The Rebinder 
Effect and the Adsorption-Locking of 
Dislocations in Lithium Fluoride. Res. 
Inst. Adv. Studies, Baltimore, MD, Tech. 
Rep. WAL-TR. 832/1-3, 1961, 36 pp. 



27. Westwood, A. R. C, J. S. Ahern, 
and J. J. Mills. Developments in the 
Theory and Application of Chemomechanical 
Effects. Colloids and Surf., v. 2, 1981, 
pp. 1-35. 

28. Westwood, A. R. C, and D. L. 
Goldheim. Occurrence and Mechanism of 
Rebinder Effects in CaF2. J. Appl. 
Phys., V. 39, No. 7, July 1968, pp. 3401- 
3405. 

29. Westwood, A. R. C, C. M. Preece, 
and D. L. Goldheim. Adsorption-Sensitive 
Mechanical Behavior. Ch. in Molecular 
Processes on Solid Surfaces, ed. by E. 
Drauglis (3d Bat telle Inst. Mater. Sci. 
Colloq.). McGraw-Hill, 1969, pp. 591- 
610; Chem. Abstr. , v. 71, 1969, No. 
116868J. 

30. Yopps, J. A. The Zero Point of 
Charge of Alumina in Aqueous Systems. 
M.S. Thesis, Univ., CA, Berkeley, CA, 
1963, 39 pp. 



42 



APPENDIX C. —SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES USED TO STUDY 
VARIOUS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, WITH REFERENCES 

TABLE C-1. - Chemical additives tested for measuring various mechanical properties 



Additive 



Concentrations 
tested 



Properties 



References 2 





ALUMINA 








n— alcohols ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 


NA 

NA 

NAp 


F 
F 
F 


24 


Toluene. ........................................... 


24 


Water 


24 



ALUMINUM CRYSTALS 



Distilled water. 

Dry air 

Methanol 

Organic liquids. 

Sea water 

Stearic acid. . . . 



,wt pet. . 
. .mol/L. . 




4 
4 
4 
15 
4 
9 





ALUMINUM OXIDE 








To luene 


1 


NA 1 


H 1 


23 


CADMIUM CRYSTALS 


Oleic acid 


mol/L. . 1 


0.1-2.1 1 


M 1 


9 



CALCITE 



Butyl alcohol^ , 

Colophonitim 

Fatty alcohols , 

n-butyric acid 

n-propyl alcohol 

Oleic acid in Toluol 

Oleic acid in vaseline oil. 

Phenol in benzene 

Polar liquid 



Pure 

NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
Pure 



24 
8 
13 
8 
8 
8 
8 
7 
7-8 



CALCIUM FLUORIDE 



Air 

DMF , 

DMSO 

DMF in DMSo 

Isooctane 

n-heptane to n-hexadecane. 

Nitrogen 

Oxygen 

Toluene 

Water 



.wt pet., 
.wt pet. . 
.wt pet. . 



NAp 

0-100 

0-100 

0-50 

NA 

NA 

NAp 

NAp 

NA 

NAp 



H 

F; H; M 

H; M 

H 

H 

F 

H 

H 

F; H 

H 



17 
21, 24; 23; 22 

23; 22 
23 
23 
21 
17 
17 

21; 23 
23 



CEMENT-CLINKER 



Naphthalene sulphonic acid 


1 


NA 1 


M 1 


12 


COPPER 


Toluene 





NA 1 


H 


23 


GERMANIA 


Toluene 


1 


NA 1 


H 


23 



GLASS 



Acetone , 

Aluminum chloride , 

Dodecylammonium chloride , 

Fatty alcohols 

Iso-amyl alcohol , 

n-alcohols , 

n-alkanes , 

Potassium chloride 

Sodium carbonate 

Sodium dioctyl sulf onsuccinate 

Stearamidomethyl pyridinium chloride. 



,wt pet. . 
.wt pet. . 



•wt pet.. 
,wt pet. . 



NA 

10-3-10-2 

10-5-10-2 

NA 

2.5 

Varied 

NA 

NA 

10-5 

0.5 

NA 



F; H 

S 

S 

S 

H 

F; H 

H 

H 

S 

H; S 

S 



24; 23 
20 
20 
13 
23 

24; 23 
23 
23 
20 

23; 13 
20 



See notes at end of table. 



43 



TABLE C-1. - Chemical additives tested for measuring various mechanical properties — Con. 



Additive 



Concentrations 
tested 



Properties 



References 2 



GLASS — Continued 



Thorium nitrate. 

Toluene 

Velan 

Water 



.wt pet. 



NA 

NA 

0.5 

NAp 



H 

F; H 

H 

F; H; S 



23 

24; 23 

23 

24; 23; 20 



GOLD 



Oleic acid. 



NA 



M 



12 





GRANITE 








DTAB 


................ .mol/L. . 


10-4 

NA 

NA 

NAp 


F; H 
F; H 
F 
F 


24, 11' 23 


n— alcohols 




24* 23 


Toluene 


24 


Water 


24 



GRAPHITE ORES 



Acetic acid. 



NA I H 



LIMESTONE 



a-hydroxyladipaldehyde. 

a-nltro 3-naphthol 

Analine 

Armac CD-50 

Benzaldehyde 

Benzene 

Benzyl dlmethylamine. . . 

Calcium chloride 

Detergent RAS 

DMS 



•wt pet. . 



Ethyl alcohol , 

Ethylene diamine , 

Ethylene glycol , 

Glycerine , 

Mine water , 

MRYJ 52 , 

n-butyl alcohol , 

n-hexadecane , 

Nitrobenzene , 

Oleic acid , 

Nonpolar kerosine , 

1 -leucine , 

1 , 3-dibromopropane , 

Saturated calcium chloride , 

Sodium adlpate , 

Sodium azelate ., 

Sodium carbonate , 

Sodium citrate , 

Sodium glutarate 

Sodium mercaptosucclnate 

Sodium oleate 

Sodium oxalate 

Sodium piccrate. 

Sodium salts of dicarboxyllc acid. 

Sodium thioxanates 

Stearic acid 

Toluene 

WR 2472 



•wt pet, . 



•wt pet.. 



LITHIUM FLUORIDE 



DMF 

Heptane. . . . 
Hexadecane. 



.wt pet, 



NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 

0.25 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NAp 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 

Pure 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 

0.25 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
0.1 
NA 
NA 



H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
M 
H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
M 
H 
H 
S 
H 
S 
M 
H 
H 
S 
H 
H 
M 
H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
M 
H 
H 



0-100 
NA 
NA 



14 

14 

6 

14 

6 

6 

14 

14 

18 

14 

6 

14 

6 

6 

18 

14 

6 

1 

6 

1 

18 

14 

6 

1 

14 

14 

18 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

18 

6 

14 



21 
21 
21 



44 



TABLE C-1. - Chemical additives tested for measuring various mechanical properties — Con. 



Additive 



Concentrations 
tested 



Properties ' 



References^ 



LITHIUM FLUORIDE — Continued 



Myristic acid. 

Toluene'' 

Water 



NA 

Pure 

NAp 



H 

F; H 
F 



23 

21; 23 

21 



MAGNESIUM OXIDE 



DMF 

DMSO 

DMF in DMSO 

n-alcohols 

n-heptane to n-hexadecane, 

Toluene^ 

Water 



,wt pet., 
•wt pet.. 
,wt pet.. 



0-100 

0-100 

0-50 

NA 

NA 

Pure 

NAp 



F; H; M 

H; M 

H 

H 

F 

F; H 

H 



21, 24; 23; 22 
23; 22 
23 
23 
21 
21; 23 
23 



MARBLE 



Detergent RAS 

Mine water 

Nonpolar kerosine, 
Sodium carbonate.. 
Stearic acid 



•wt pet, 



,wt pet, 
.wt pet. 



0.25 

NAp 

Pure 

0.25 

0.1 



M 
M 
M 
M 
M 



18 
18 
18 
18 
18 



MICA 



Fatty alcohols 


1 


NA 1 


s 1 


13 


NICKEL (Ni-Al) 


Toluene 





NA 1 


H 1 


23 


POTASSIUM BROMIDE 


Toluene 


1 


NA 1 


H 


23 



QUARTZ 



Aluminum nitrate. 

Ammonia 

DTAB 

Phosphoric acid. , 
Sulfuric acid..., 



.mol/L. . 
.mol/L. . 



lo-'^-io-^ 

NA 

,5x10-5-10-3 

NA 

NA 



F; H 

M 

F 

M 

M 



24; 23 
16 
24 
16 
16 



QUARTZITE 



Aluminum chloride 


. . . .wt pet . . 


0.02-0.1 

0.2-5 

0.25 

0.1-0.5 


S 

S 
S 


19 


Naphthenie oil with sodium carbonate... 
Sodium chloride 


. . . .wt pet. . 
. . . .wt pet. . 


19 
19 



SANDSTONE 



Aluminum chloride 

Distilled water 

Dodecyl ammonium chloride. 

DTAB 

n-hexadecane , 

Oleic acid 

Oleylamine 

Sodium azelate 

Sodium carbonate 

Sodium dodecyl sulfate.., 
Triton x-100 , 



.wt pet.. 
N.. 



.wt pet., 
•wt pet.. 



0.02-0.1 

NAp 

10-5-10-2 

NA 

NA 

NA 

NA 

2.0 

0.25 

NA 

NA 



20 

1, 20 

20 

10 

1 

1 

1 

14 

20 

10 

10 



SILICA 



Acetone 

Benzene 

Ethyl acetate.... 
Ethyl alcohol..., 
n-butyl alcohol. , 
n-propyl alcohol. 
Water 



Vapor 
Vapor 
Vapor 
Vapor 
Vapor 
Vapor 
NAp 



See notes at end of table. 



45 



TABLE C-1. - Chemical additives tested for measuring various mechanical properties — Con. 



Additive 


Concentrations 
tested 


Properties ' 


References 2 


STEEL 


Acetic anhydride ••••• 


NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
0.1 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 


H 
M 
M 
M 
H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
H 
M 
M 
H 
H 
M 
H 
H 
H 
M 
H 
H 
H 


15 


Acetone 


2 


Acetone with dioctyl sebecate 


2 


Alcohols ••••• 


2 


Butyl lithium 


15 


Caprylic acid 


15 


Carbolic acid 


15 


Carbon tetrachloride • 


15 


Chloroform 


15 


dlbutyl mercury 


15 


diethyl mercury 


15 


Di oxane ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 


15 


Hexane 


2 


Iso— octane 


2 


Light mineral oil 


15 


Methyl chloride 


15 


Mineral oils 


2 


Myrlstlc acid 


15 


Oil 12 with stearic acid wt pet.. 


15 




15 


Paraf inlc acids 


2 


Propionic acid 


15 


Propyl chloride 


15 


Tetra-n-butyl tin 


15 


TIN 








Acetone 


NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 


M 
M 

M 
S 
M 
S 
M 
M 
S 
S 
M 
S 
S 
M 
M 
M 
S 
S 
M 
H 


2 


Acetone with dioctyl silicate 


2 


Alcohols 


2 


Allyl alcohol 


13 


Caprylic acid 


9 


Dodecyl alcohol 


13 


Hexane 


2 


Iso-octane 


2 


Lauryl chloride 


13 


Me thyl laurate 


13 


Mineral oils 


2 


n-propyl alcohol ,,. 


13 


Octylamine 


13 


Oleic acid 


9 


Paraf f inlc acids 


2 


Propionic acid 


9 


Saturated fatty alcohols 


13 


Sodium dioctyl sulf ©succinate 


13 


Stearic acid 


9 


Toluene 


23 


TITANIUM CARB 


IDE 






To luene 


NA 


H 


23 


ZINC CRYSTALS 


Oleic acid wt pet.. 


0.1 


M 


9 


NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. 


M = mechanical 


properties; S 


=• strength of 



materials. 

^Numbers refer to items in the list of references following the table. 
■^10 pet water. 
'*<0.02 pet water. 



46 



REFERENCES C 



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47 



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48 



APPENDIX D. —GENERAL DRILLING BIBLIOGRAPHY 



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49 



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50 



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51 



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